Table of Contents

1. Current Affairs And Issues

Reading I

A. The following words have two different meanings. Match each word with the meaning used in the context.

a. Glare: an intense blinding light

b. Curb: something that checks or restrains

c. Hail: to describe somebody

d. Commute: to travel regularly between workplace and home

e. Serene: calm and peaceful

f. Liability: the state of being legally responsible

g. Deploy: to use something effectively

h. Autonomous: a vehicle that can drive itself

i. Perception: the ability to understand the true nature of something

B. Choose the correct alternatives.

a. They have their own voice to welcome people. (iii)

b. Used particularly in the USA. (i)

c. Reduces carbon production. (iii)

d. Cannot deal with human drivers. (ii)

e. Human safety is the biggest challenge. (ii)

f. Partly trustworthy. (ii)

C. Answer the following questions.

a. Mention any three features of the driverless car.

Ans: It travels slowly; it can be called using a mobile app; its windscreen gives enough light.

b. Describe the benefits of driverless technology.

Ans: It removes people from risky work areas and lowers carbon emissions.

c. Advantage according to Camilla Fowler?

Ans: It can make roads safer and less fatal.

d. Problems in David Hynd's views?

Ans: Human drivers behave unpredictably and break rules.

e. What are scientists doing?

Ans: They are building testing grounds to improve safety in complex environments.

f. Is driverless technology safer?

Ans: It has the potential to eliminate human errors, but challenges remain.

Grammar I

a. He admitted that he had broken the mirror.

b. Pemba advised me to see a doctor.

c. The librarian warned me not to make a noise again.

d. Raman offered to help me plant rice.

e. The assistant informed us that the classes start the following week.

f. Sonam thanked me for my help.

g. Prakriti promised to return my money by Saturday.

h. Anupam agreed to work hard and get good grades.

i. The speaker apologised for coming late.

Writing I

Newspaper article: Challenges brought by AI

As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, it has brought significant challenges. While AI makes tasks easier and faster, concerns remain about ethics, economy, and society.

Data privacy is a major issue as AI requires large amounts of data. Questions arise about ownership, usage, unauthorised access, and misuse.

AI also affects social dynamics by spreading misinformation, creating echo chambers, and influencing opinions, impacting democracy and social harmony.

In conclusion, AI brings advancement but also challenges such as job loss, ethical issues, data misuse, and social impact. Strong regulations and ethical frameworks are needed to ensure AI benefits humanity.

Open Letter to UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres

Reading II

A. Fill in the blanks.

a. The headquarters is in Dubai.

b. Leaders are failing to tackle key issues.

c. Some viruses catalyse production.

d. His expertise helped him run the company.

e. Nepal aims to reduce emissions to net-zero.

f. He put his investment at stake.

g. His remarks caused public outrage.

B. True/False/Not Given

a. Not Given

b. False

c. True

d. True

e. False

f. True

C. Answer the following questions.

a. Where is the office of the UN Secretary General?

Ans: 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017.

b. Purpose of this letter?

Ans: To express disappointment about excluding children from the Youth Advisory Group.

c. Why was the Youth Advisory Group announced?

Ans: To advise the UN on urgent climate action.

d. Roles of children?

Ans: They have led climate movements, strikes, and activism.

e. Greta Thunberg and Fabrizio's contributions.

Ans: Greta started global climate activism; Fabrizio raised concerns about children’s future.

f. Final demand of the children?

Ans: Include children under 18 in the Youth Advisory Group and allow them to influence COP26 events.

Grammar II

a. She witnessed the accident.

b. The earth revolves around the sun.

d. She loves to listen to music.

e. He had completed his homework.

f. The sun was very hot.

g. He wants to be a nurse.

Rewrite in indirect speech

a. They had to cross the river and go ahead.

b. She would meet her friends the next day.

d. He apologized and said he could not lend money that day.

e. They could solve the remaining problems themselves.

f. The incident probably took place the day before.

g. I lived in Changunarayan these days.

h. They would like to join us too.

i. Coal gives off thick smoke.

j. She had never seen such a strange animal.

k. He loved his children more than wealth.

2. Festivals and Celebrations

Reading I

A. Match the words with their meaning.

a. mush – a soft thick mass or mixture
b. jerk – to make something move with a sudden short sharp movement
c. concussion – a temporary loss of consciousness
d. hurl – to throw something violently in a particular direction
e. pulp – the soft part inside fruits and vegetables
f. clutch – to hold something tightly
g. sip – to drink something taking a very small amount each time

B. True/False

a. The tourists are informed to wear a red hat through public notices. (True)
b. Aranceri seems dressed in Doctor Who Esque costumes. (False)
c. When a cart approaches, run away from the square. (False)
d. The narrator feels bored during the festival period. (False)
e. The volunteers encourage the visitors to join the battle. (False)
f. The narrator accepts Massi's offer. (False)

C. Answer the following questions.

a. What does the red hat symbolize?
Ans: The red hat symbolizes the carnival itself and is a symbol of freedom, worn in times by freed slaves and during the Middle Ages by peasants rioting against feudal lords.

b. How does the narrator feel when she wipes her face?
Ans: The narrator feels scared and shocked when she wipes her face and sees blood.

c. What does the square look like after an hour-battle of the oranges?
Ans: The square becomes covered in a thick sludge—orange pulp mixed with horse manure—creating a sharp sweet-and-sour smell.

d. How do aranceri members chase the cart?
Ans: They charge toward the cart and bombard it with oranges as soon as it approaches.

e. Does Silvia enjoy this carnival? Why?
Ans: Yes. She believes it is good for her psychological health and helps her release frustrations built up over the year.

f. Why does Massi say, “Forget the nets”?
Ans: Because he believes that to truly experience the carnival, one must be in the middle of the battle, and nets prevent that.

Grammar I

A. Change into indirect speech.

A. Agaman asked Timothy if he was working tonight.
B. A stranger asked me if that was the road to the station.
C. My friend inquired of her whether she had done her homework.
D. The tourist was asked if he had been to Paris.
E. Usha inquired of Anju how long she had been working in that company.
F. My mother asked me what flavor of ice cream I had had at the party.
G. The teacher wanted to know if the students had studied reported speech before.
H. I asked him where he would stay that night.
I. Sumangal asked his friend how many players had been shown yellow cards by the referee.
J. Sarita asked Sommaya what magic the medicine had on the patient.

B. Rewrite in reported speech.

a. Kritika asked me why I had gone out the previous night.
b. Sunita asked Usha who that beautiful woman was.
c. Gautrab asked Yang Dolma how her mother was.
d. My friend asked what I was going to do over the weekend.
e. My teacher asked where I would live after graduation.
f. Anusha asked Melisha what she had been doing when she saw her.
g. I asked the pilgrim how the journey had been.
h. Krishna asked how often I went to the cinema.
i. The Principal asked if I lived in Patan.
j. Niraj asked Luniva if Phadindra had arrived on time.

Writing I

Essay: Diwali

Diwali, also known as the Festival of Lights, is a major Hindu festival celebrated across India and many countries with Hindu populations. It usually falls between mid-October and mid-November and lasts for five days.

People light diyas and candles to symbolize the victory of good over evil, light over darkness, and knowledge over ignorance. Homes are decorated with rangolis and flowers, and families exchange sweets and gifts.

On the third day, people perform Lakshmi Puja to seek blessings for wealth and prosperity. It is believed that Lord Rama returned to Ayodhya on this day after defeating Ravana.

Diwali is celebrated not only in India but also in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, and other countries. It promotes togetherness, joy, and positivity.

Thanksgiving around the World

Reading II

Grammar II

A. Choose the correct alternatives.

a. Sujita asked her mother when her father would come home.
b. She replied that she had never had caviar when I asked her, “Have you ever had caviar?”
c. The salesperson asked him what he could do for him.
d. The tourist inquired from me whether I belonged to Banepa.
e. The little girl asked us what time we were supposed to come back.
f. The head teacher asked her whether she had filled out the exam form the week before.
g. Ronuka asked me if I had called her.

B. List of Direct Questions Asked by Nihar

What is Ihi?
Why are pre-adolescent girls married to Suvarna Kumar in the Ihi ceremony?
Why was Ihi started?
What is the age range of girls who undergo the Ihi ceremony?
What is the significance of the Bel fruit in the Ihi ceremony?
How long does the Ihi ceremony go on for?
What foods or drinks are not allowed during the Ihi ceremony?

Writing II

News Story: Vitamin A Capsules Distribution

The Department of Health Services has announced that health assistants will distribute Vitamin A capsules to children aged six months to five years on October 19 and 20. This annual program has been running since 2050 BS to prevent blindness and boost immunity.

Children aged one to five years will also receive deworming tablets—a program ongoing since 2056 BS to eliminate parasitic infections that impact growth and development.

The department has urged parents to bring their children to the nearest health centers on the scheduled dates. They also assured that all COVID-19 safety protocols will be followed.

This initiative is expected to benefit thousands of Nepali children and contribute to their overall health and well-being.

3. Health and Wellness

Reading I

A. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.

a. nightmare - iii. a very unpleasant or frightening experience

b. pediatric - iv. relating to the medical care of children

c. intravenous - v. into or connected to a vein

d. priority - ii. a thing that is regarded as more important than others

e. medications - i. treatment using drugs

f. confidante - ix. a person with whom private matters and problems are discussed

g. deprivation - viii. the lack of something considered to be a necessity

h. vulnerable - vi. in need of special care, support, or protection

i. dreadful - vii. very bad or unpleasant

B. Write True for true and False for false statements.

a. The sender of the letter was happy with the service of the health workers. False

b. The staff of different departments in the hospital had harmonious relationships with each other. False

c. The hospital staff were concerned with the requirements of the sick child. False

d. The staff of the hospital shared their personal feelings with the writer. False

e. The chart was unclear about the patient's gender. True

f. The author took the mistakes of the health workers normally. False

g. The writer seems to be more sincere in her duty than the hospital staff. True

C. Answer the following questions.

a. What was the nightmare for the author?

Ans: The nightmare for the author was her daughter's sickness (high fever).

b. What do you think the main purpose of this letter is?

Ans: The main purpose of this letter is to express the author's dissatisfaction with the hospital staff's service and request proper care and empathy for patients.

c. According to the author, what was the main weakness of the hospital staff?

Ans: Their negligence towards the patient's treatment and their rude behavior.

d. Did the nurses really say "your daughter is not a priority"? Why did the author think so?

Ans: No, they did not. But from their expression “I am so busy today”, the author felt her daughter was not their priority.

e. What do the patients and their families expect from the health workers?

Ans: They expect proper treatment, empathy, and polite behavior.

f. List the questions that the author was asked frequently in the hospital.

- Was your daughter premature?
- Was your delivery normal?

g. Why did the health workers make gender error about the author's daughter?

Ans: Because she was in a diaper most of the time and they didn’t check the paperwork properly.

h. According to the author, how do people perceive the career of health workers?

Ans: People perceive it as a noble profession where workers help sick people get well.

A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life

Reading II

A. Define the following words/phrases.

a. wonderfood - exceptionally nutritious food

b. cardiovascular diseases - diseases affecting heart and blood vessels

c. bioeconomy - economy using biotechnology and biomass

d. demographic change - change in population structure

e. multidisciplinary approach - experts from multiple fields working together

f. economic inequalities - differences in wealth

g. neurological disorders - disorders affecting nervous system

h. biomarkers - biological indicators of normal or abnormal processes

>B. Complete the sentences with correct words.

a. delighted

b. conference

c. innovation

d. dramatically

e. chronic / cardiovascular

f. diagnosis

g. unprecedented

h. biomarkers

i. multidisciplinary approaches

C. Choose the best alternatives.

a. iii. obesity

b. iv. knowledge

c. i. researchers

d. iv. the lack of progress in research and innovation

e. iv. appeal the members of EU for collaboration

D. Answer the following questions.

a. What topic is the speaker talking about?

Ans: Healthy diets and lifestyle.

b. Cause of obesity among EU children?

Ans: Poor diet and low physical activity.

c. What should people do to prevent type 2 diabetes?

Ans: Adopt better lifestyles and healthier diets.

d. What is Horizon 2020?

Ans: An 80-billion-euro EU research and innovation programme.

e. Why is research important?

Ans: It helps in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.

f. What can Horizon 2020 achieve?

Ans: Great progress in healthy diet and healthy life research.

g. What does the speaker expect from the conference?

Ans: Collaboration for research, innovation, and implementation of the Strategic Research Agenda.

h. Will EU people benefit? How?

Ans: Yes, through better research, prevention, diagnosis, treatments, healthy diet awareness, and innovative strategies.

4. Work and Leisure

Reading I

A. Match the following meanings.

a. to laugh at somebody in an unkind way - vii. mock

b. very unpleasant - v. hideous

c. to twist and turn body with quick, short movements - viii. wriggle

d. in a cheerful way - vi. gaily

e. very surprised or shocked - iii. open-mouthed

f. to ask for something in a serious and emotional way - ii. plead

g. to make a facial expression indicating disapproval - i. frown

h. to argue or disagree strongly with somebody - iv. dispute

B. Dictionary meanings of words related to walking.

a. sneak – to move in a quiet, secretive manner

b. stroll – to walk in a relaxed way

c. lurch – to walk unsteadily

d. stagger – to walk or move as if about to fall

e. stride – to walk with long, confident steps

f. stumble – to trip or momentarily lose balance

C. Answer these questions.

a. Why did the man frown when Sarah and Jamie gave him their school card?

Ans: Because they were looking for a job instead of going to school.

b. Why were Sarah and Jamie looking for a job?

Ans: They wanted to support their parents by earning money during their holiday.

c. Why was the man ready to give them work on his farm?

Ans: He needed someone to remove the caterpillars from the cabbage plants.

d. What work were they supposed to do?

Ans: To pick caterpillars off every cabbage and collect them.

e. Were there really a million or billion caterpillars?

Ans: No. They used this phrase to express that there were many caterpillars.

f. What were Sarah and Jamie desperate about?

Ans: The difficult job of removing all the caterpillars.

g. What was Sarah's “brilliant” idea?

Ans: To get rid of the butterflies so they wouldn't lay more eggs.

h. Were the children happy with their work?

Ans: No. They found the work exhausting and difficult.

i. Why did they run away secretly?

Ans: They had damaged the cabbage patches while trying to hit the butterflies and feared facing the owner.

D. True/False/Not Given

a. Sarah and Jamie's parents were unable to work. Not Given

b. Sarah and Jamie have never been to school. False

True

d. They had not expected so many caterpillars. True

e. Sarah's idea worked. True

f. They were caught by the owner. False

Reading II – Leave This Chanting and Singing

A. Meanings

a. bead – a small piece of glass/stone for a necklace

b. tilling – preparing land for crops

c. garment – a piece of clothing

d. mantle – a covering layer

e. deliverance – rescue from danger or suffering

f. incense – a substance that burns with a pleasant smell

g. stained – covered with marks

h. toil – hard, tiring work

B. Modern equivalents of archaic words

a. dost – do

b. thou – you

c. thine – yours

d. thy – your

C. Answer the questions.

a. Who is the poem addressed to?

Ans: To religious people who chant, sing, and count beads in temples.

b. What does the speaker advise people?

Ans: To stop ritual worship and find God in hardworking people like farmers and laborers.

c. Where do people try to find God?

Ans: In dark, lonely corners of temples.

d. Where does God actually reside?

Ans: Among hardworking people doing daily labour.

e. How can people have a glimpse of God?

Ans: By engaging in sincere, productive work.

f. Why can’t God rescue people?

Ans: Because He is bound within His creation and its duties.

g. What does the speaker ask people to do?

Ans: Leave rituals aside and join God in toil and honest work.

D. Personal Opinion

Yes, I believe in the existence of God. I feel that a mysterious power governs the universe, and that power is God. To please God, I recite His name, stay honest, and correct my mistakes.

5. Science and Experiment

Reading I

A. Find the words from the text that have the following meanings.

a. the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level
- altitude

b. a group of atoms bonded together
- molecule

c. a state in which opposing forces are balanced
- equilibrium

d. to change from a gas or vapour to a liquid
- condense

e. a piece of unreliable information repeated so often that it is accepted as fact
- factoid

f. a space or container from which the air has been removed
- vacuum

g. a device used to remove blockages from the drain of a basin or tub
- plunger

B. Complete the sentences with the correct words or phrases from the text.

a. Water bubbles break down if vapour pressure inside and outside the bubbles is equal.

b. As the altitude goes up, the boiling point of water decreases.

c. Random motion of molecules or particles is called thermal motion.

d. If the door does not open, try pushing the key in the lock.

e. Certain chemicals can induce undesirable changes in the nervous system.

C. Answer these questions.

a. What is the speed of the water particles compared with?
- The speed of the water particles is compared with the height of a group of adult humans.

b. How are bubbles formed in boiling water?
- Bubbles are formed when water molecules have enough energy to push back other water molecules in the liquid phase.

c. Mention two things on which external pressure depends.
- External pressure depends on the depth of water and the density of water.

d. How is the atmosphere related to the pressure of water?
- The atmosphere adds pressure on the surface of the liquid, increasing the total pressure in the water.

e. What would happen if the atmospheric pressure on the liquid water was decreased?
- If atmospheric pressure decreased enough to match vapor pressure, water would boil without needing more heat.

f. What would the experimenter gain if s/he pulled the plunger out?
- Pulling the plunger out decreases the pressure and induces boiling.

D. What would happen on Earth if there were no gravity?

- Everything would float away into space because gravity holds all objects to Earth. Objects would become weightless, and space travel would be impossible due to lack of orbital motion.

Grammar I

A. Match the clauses in column A with their continuation in column B.
a-iii
b-i
c-ii
d-vi
e-iv
f-v
g-viii
h-vii

B. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of verbs.

a. If it is cold, I will wear a coat.

b. If Purna helps with the housework, his mother will have more time for him.

c. If I were a bird, I would make a good observation of the land below.

d. If I went to Mustang, I would visit Muktinath.

f. You’d save petrol if you drove more carefully.

g. Say 'hello' if you see her.

h. Provided that you consent, I will take a few days' leave next week.

i. Take care of the pence, the pounds will take care of themselves.

The Voice of the Rain

Reading II

A. Match the words in column A with their meanings.

a. eternal – never-ending
b. impalpable – not easily understood
c. vaguely – unclearly
d. descend – come down
e. lave – to pour out as water
f. atomies – indivisible particles
g. reck – to take care of

B. Fill in the blanks.

a. The river ran dry during the drought.

b. It is still impalpable to understand how the Earth originated.

c. The company produces a wide variety of make-up and skin care products.

d. His greatest ambition is to sail around the globe.

e. Without training, his musical talent remained latent.

f. What recks it whether they win or lose?

C. Complete the summary of the poem.

1-ascends
2-originality
3-mysterious
4-atomies
5-quenches
6-showers
7-heal
8-condensation
9-rhythm

D. Answer the following questions.

a. What are the two voices in the poem?
Ans: The poet's voice and the rain's voice.

b. How is the cyclic movement of the rain shown?
Ans: Water evaporates, rises, forms clouds, and returns as rain—repeating endlessly.

c. Why are showers necessary?
Ans: They give moisture, clean the earth, and support life.

d. How are rain and music similar?
Ans: Both have rhythm and can heal, calm, and transform.

e. How are clouds formed?
Ans: Water vapor rises, cools, condenses into droplets, and forms clouds.

f. Opposite words in the poem:
rise/descend
rain/drought
day/night
reck’d/unreck’d

E. What may happen if it does not rain for a long time?
Ans: Droughts, crop failures, water shortages, famine, health issues, and social unrest.

6. Food and Cuisine

Reading I

Exercise

A. Match the words with their meanings.

a. ferment – ii. to go through a chemical change

b. squid – iii. a sea creature with a long soft body, eight arms and two tentacles

c. witchetty – i. a large whitish wood-eating larva

d. myrtle – vi. a bush with shiny leaves and berries

e. congeal – iv. to change from fluid to solid

f. nutty – v. having a flavour like nuts

B. Match the idioms with their meanings.

a. get out of hand – iv. to become difficult to control

b. miss the boat – v. to be too late to get what you want

c. break the ice – i. to make people feel comfortable

d. cry over spilt milk – iii. to worry about past events

e. look before you leap – ii. think about results before acting

C. Complete the sentences (not more than four words).

a. winning when it is like taking a risk.

b. chance to try strange dishes.

d. writer's impression favourable.

e. jellyfish as scary ones.

f. fried with garlic and butter.

D. Answer the following questions.

a. Why does food become a challenge when travelling?

Food becomes a challenge because travellers may experience unfamiliar foods or difficulty finding familiar ones.

b. How is haggis prepared?

Haggis is made from minced sheep organs mixed with fat, oatmeal and spices, packed into a sheep’s stomach and boiled.

c. When do you feel you like shiokara?

Shiokara becomes enjoyable when eaten with good conversation, making the taste more pleasant.

d. Where can people enjoy bush food?

In Australia.

e. Why does the writer find it difficult to eat larger insects?

They require more than one bite, which is uncomfortable for him.

f. Name the country where snails are served as the main dish.

France.

g. What kind of food is bun rieu?

A crab-based Vietnamese noodle soup.

h. Which food would you choose and why?

I choose bun rieu because it is flavorful and includes noodles, crab, pork and vegetables.

E. Which dish is the strangest? Why?

Shiokara is the strangest because it is made of raw squid mixed with fermented squid belly, having a strong taste and smell.

Grammar I

A. Match the sentence halves.

a. raincoat and umbrella – because the monsoon started.

b. get to school – as I'm stuck in traffic.

c. cricket team perform well – because they have the best coach.

d. company deployed workers – so that they can finish on time.

e. not go on holiday – since the movie was a hit.

f. city planted trees – to reduce traffic noise.

g. flight delayed – because of bad weather.

h. table and chair – so that Samip can study privately.

i. Nisha visited sister – since she didn't have office.

j. queue for two hours – to utilise time for planting paddy.

B. Complete the text selecting the correct connective.

The people at the fair were leaving because the lights were going out. The last two people also left as it was getting dark. The big wheel stopped and the merry-go-round had already stopped. The stalls closed down and the owners went home. At 2 a.m. four nightwatchmen walked round the funfair to see if anyone was there. "I'm fed up," one said, "What can we do so that there is nothing to do?" They were bored because nothing was happening. "We can have a ride!" one said. Three jumped on so the fourth started the motor. Suddenly they realised no one could stop it because all of them were on it. They were rescued in the morning, so they felt very sick.

Writing I

A. Arrange the steps for making carrot pudding.

1. Switch on the stove and melt ghee. 2. Add grated carrots and fry for 7 minutes. 3. When golden, add milk. 4. Cook until the milk dries. 5. Add sugar and cardamom powder. 6. Cook for four more minutes. 7. Turn off the stove—ready to serve.

B. Write a recipe: Rice Pudding

Ingredients:

100g pudding rice
50g sugar
1 litre whole milk
1 vanilla pod
1 cinnamon stick

Method:

Preheat oven to 150°C.
Wash and drain the rice.
Add rice, sugar and milk to a saucepan.
Add vanilla seeds and pod.
Add cinnamon and simmer.
Cook 30 minutes until creamy.
Remove cinnamon and vanilla pod.

Reading II

A. Crossword answers

Across:
3. tandoori
7. executive

Down:
1. skewer
2. entirety
4. nostalgia
5. elevate
6. dehydrate

B. True/False/NG

a. False
b. NG
c. False
d. False
e. NG
f. True
g. False
h. False

C. Answer these questions.

a. What made Chef Shah popular?

His creative fusion of Nepali food and his MasterChef performance.

b. Did Shah have a normal childhood?

No, he had financial struggles and worked from a young age.

c. How does Shah feel about Cinnamon Kitchen?

He feels satisfied and proud.

d. What does he want to show the world?

The richness and uniqueness of Nepali cuisine.

e. Two things he was careful about with sukuti?

Softening the texture and preserving its original taste.

7. Cyber Security

Reading I

A. Choose the words/phrases given below and write against the correct definitions.

Words: munching, ridiculous, window shopping, stammer, obsessed, lurking, outfit, leer, swerve, stamp

Definition	Word
Remaining hidden so as to wait for somebody secretly	lurking
Preoccupied with something continually to a troubling extent	obsessed
The act of looking at goods displayed in shop windows without intending to buy them	window shopping
Bringing down one's feet heavily on the ground	stamp (stamping)
Deserving or inviting disapproval; absurd	ridiculous
A set of clothes worn for a particular occasion or activity	outfit
To turn aside abruptly from a straight line or course	swerve
Eating something hard, steadily and noisily	munching
Look or gaze in an unpleasant and offensive way	leer
Speaking with difficulty, repeating sounds or words and often stopping	stammer

B. Rewrite the following sentences in chronological order.

She told her father about her new e-friend.
Anuja told her father that she wanted to see her new friend.
Her father accompanied her to meet her friend.
They saw a car on the other side of the road.
They waited for Anuja's friend for ten minutes.
He observed that Anuja was looking like a boy in her new dress.
She revealed her secret e-identity to her father.
Anuja's father shared the incident with his friend.

C. Read the story again and answer these questions.

a. Why was Anuja unwilling to take her father along?

Anuja was afraid that her father’s physical appearance, particularly his age, large belly, and baldness, would embarrass her.

b. How does she criticize her father?

She calls him obsessed.

c. Describe Anuja's e-friend.

Anuja's e-friend is 12 years old, and Anuja is very fond of her.

d. Why did Anuja's father propose to go with her?

He wanted to meet her friend and ensure her safety.

e. What was the shocking news for her father?

She had chatted with her e-friend pretending to be a boy.

f. Why did they return without meeting Anuja's friend?

They could not find any girl at the meeting place. A car with dark windows sped away, making them realize the girl was fake.

g. Why did Dhurva laugh at the story?

He found it humorous that the girl and her mother avoided meeting Anuja’s father due to his appearance.

h. How did the girl's mother see Anuja's father?

From her car, as he lurked around. She saw an old man with a big stomach and bald head and drove away without interacting.

D. Consequences of faking identities and cyberbullying:

Legal consequences
Damage to reputation
Mental health issues
Social isolation
Online harassment and retaliation

Grammar I

B. Complete with should, ought to, must:

Every child should take good care of their ageing parents.
If you want to lose weight, you ought to exercise regularly.
Someone picked up my pocket. You must inform the police about it.
How was the movie? You should go and see it.
We must not disrespect our nation at any cost.
You look ill. You should see a doctor.
In order to maintain healthy habits, we should go to bed early and get up early.
You must not offend people with harsh words.
We should learn to apologise with people to build trust.
If you find someone's goods, you should try to return them.

Writing I

Reply Email Example:

From: email@gmail.com
To: email2@gmail.com
Subject: Apology for incapability to attend the wedding

Dear Sambridhi,

Thank you for inviting me to your brother Naman's wedding. I am deeply sorry that my family and I cannot attend due to urgent family business.

Please convey our best wishes and congratulations to your brother. We hope the wedding day is filled with joy and memorable moments.

Warm regards,
Shekh MD Alee

Cyber Security: Basic Internet Safety Tips

Reading II

A. Match the words with their meanings:

Word	Meaning
possession	something you own or have
intertwined	closely connected with somebody or something
integration	act of combining two or more things
avoid	prevent something bad from happening
sensitive	quick to detect/respond to slight changes
proliferated	increased rapidly in number
shielding	protecting from danger or harm
promptly	without delay
authentication	proving something is real/true
transaction	act of buying or selling; deal

B. True/False Statements:

Using same password in different accounts is safe - False
Teenagers are most vulnerable - False
Letting computer remember passwords is unsafe - True
A cheap debit card is safer than an expensive one - False
Auto-update of software is unsafe - False
Never enter financial details on websites - True

D. Answer Questions:

Protect physical property: locks, alarms, cameras, guards, insurance
Keep passwords secret: strong, unique, do not share, change regularly
Two debit card safety measures: shield PIN pad, use chip card
Secure accounts if password is found: add extra layer of security (2FA)
Make online friends only with familiar people: reduces risk of trusting strangers
Keep online data safe: strong passwords, 2FA, antivirus, cautious sharing, backups, updates

Grammar II

A. Fill with a/an:

I have a fever and feel dizzy.
Would you like to be an actor?
What a lovely garden!
We spent half an hour.
Keep an eye on our house.
Mr. Napit has a ewe.
Ms Sharma's opinion criticized.
Catch an early bus.

B. Fill with a, an, the, or X:

Could you open the window? - the
Did you read the book? - the
All the desks were full. - the
Can you play the flute? - the
You have a lovely house. - a / the living room
The President is elected every five years.
Do you always play badminton? - X

Writing II

Newspaper Article Example:

Internet and Cyber Security
By Prakash Ojha, March 7

The internet has become integral to daily life. While it facilitates communication, banking, and entertainment, it also brings security concerns. Cybercriminals use phishing, malware, and social engineering to steal information.

We must prioritize data privacy, use strong passwords, install antivirus software, and be cautious online. Awareness and preventive measures help ensure a safer digital experience for everyone.

8. Hobbies & Interests

Reading I

A. Write synonyms and antonyms for the following words from the text.

a. unrevealed (synonym) - hidden

b. sharpen (synonym) - hone

c. boring (antonym) - exciting

d. unexcited (antonym) - passionate

e. healing (synonym) - therapeutic

f. frame (synonym) - reasel

B. Find the meanings of the following words/phrases from a dictionary and use them in sentences of your own.

a. lignite - to set something on fire or to start something burning; to arouse or inspire strong emotions or reactions. He used a matchstick to ignite the candles on the birthday cake.

b. In-demand - very popular or desired by many people. Due to her skills and experience, she was always in demand in the job market.

c. Let off to release or discharge something or someone; to excuse or forgive someone. from blame or punishment. The police officer let off the driver with a warning instead of issuing a ticket.

d. A notch a V-shaped cut or indentation of a degree or level of measurement. He turned up the volume a notch so that he could hear the music more clearly.

e. Passionate - having or expressing strong emotions or feelings; enthusiastic or zealous about something. She is a passionate advocate for animal rights and works tirelessly to Dromote their welfare.

f. Refurbishing - The company is currently refurbishing their old office building to modernize it and improve working conditions.

g. A blog - r a website or online platform where a writer or group of writers share their opinions, experiences or information on a particular topic. Sentence: She writes a fashion blog where she posts about her personal style and fashion trends.

h. Hanging out - spending time with someone in a relaxed or casual way; loitering or lingering in a public place. We spent the afternoon hanging out at the beach, playing volleyball and enjoying the sun.

C. Write True if the information is true, False if it is false and NG, if the information is if it is false not given in the text.

a. Outdoor hobbies are more popular than indoor hobbies. False

b. You need more effort for reading than for other hobbies. False

c. Only good dancers choose dancing as their hobby. False

d. Antiques are also used for interior decoration in a house. NG

e. Paintings can be used to express your feelings. True

f. People who choose photography as their Hobbies are pro photographers. False

g. Keeping journals helps people become successful. True

h. Flexibility in time and place is the best part of knitting. True

D. Answer these questions.

a. What aspects of our life influence the hobbies we choose?

Answer: The hobbies we choose can be influenced by various aspects of our life, such as our interests, personal preferences, upbringing, cultural background, social influence, available resources, and our overall lifestyle. For example, if someone grew up in a family that appreciates art, they might develop a hobby in painting or drawing. Similarly, if someone has a passion for music, they might choose hobbies related to playing instruments or singing.

b. What makes reading the most popular hobby?

Answer:- Reading is considered a popular hobby due to several reasons. First, it provides a means of entertainment and escape from reality. Books can transport readers to different worlds, introduce them to new characters, and allow them to immerse themselves in compelling stories. Additionally, reading offers knowledge and intellectual stimulation. It broadens one's horizons, improves vocabulary and language skills, and enhances critical thinking and imagination. Reading is also a flexible hobby that can be enjoyed at one's own pace and in various settings, making it accessible to many people.

c. How can people practise dancing?

Answer:- There are several ways people can practise dancing. Here are a few suggestions:

1. Join dance classes: Enrol in a dance studio or community centre that offers classes in different dance styles such as ballet, salsa, hip-hop, or contemporary. Professional instructors can guide individuals through proper techniques and choreography.

2. Online tutorials and videos: Utilise online resources like YouTube or specialised dance websites that provide step-by-step tutorials and dance routines. This allows people to learn at their own convenience and pace.

3. Dance apps: Use mobile applications that offer interactive dance lessons and provide feedback on technique and timing.

4. Dance with friends or in social settings: Attend dance parties, social events, or clubs where dancing is encouraged. Dancing in a social environment not only allows for practice but also provides an lopportunity to connect with other dancers and gain inspiration.

d. What things are necessary for one to go with painting?

Answer :- Several things are necessary for someone to engage in painting:

1. Art supplies: Basic painting materials include paints (such as acrylic, watercolour, or oil paints), brushes, a palette, canvas or paper, and a set of easel or painting surface.

2. Inspiration: Having an idea or subject to paint is important. It can be a still life arrangement, landscape, portrait, or any other concept that inspires the artist.

3. Knowledge and skills: While anyone can start painting as a hobby, developing skills and techniques can greatly enhance the artistic output. It's beneficial to learn about

colour theory, composition, shading, and various painting techniques through classes, books, or online tutorials.

4. Creativity and patience: Painting requires creativity to express oneself and patience to practise and improve over time. It's important to embrace the learning process and enjoy the journey of self-expression through art.

e. Write the benefits of doing photography.

Benefits of doing photography include:

1. Creativity and self-expression: Photography allows individuals to capture the world from their unique perspective, using composition, lighting, and subject selection to convey emotions or tell stories.

2. Exploration and mindfulness: Engaging in photography encourages people to explore their surroundings, pay attention to details, and appreciate the beauty in everyday life. It

can also serve as a form of mindfulness, as photographers focus on the present moment and immerse themselves in the act of capturing images.

3. Documentation and memory preservation: Photographs serve as visual records of important moments, events, and people in our lives. They help create lasting memories and

can be cherished for years to come.

4. Technical and artistic growth: Photography involves learning about camera settings, lenses, and editing techniques, which contribute to technical skills development. It also offers opportunities for artistic growth by experimenting with different styles, genres, and perspectives. 5. Connection and communication: Photography enables individuals to connect with others by sharing their images, stories, and experiences. It can serve as a universal language that transcends barriers and fosters understanding.

f. Why has writing become a popular hobby?

Writing has become a popular hobby for

several reasons:

1. Self-expression and creativity: Writing allows individuals to express their thoughts, ideas, and emotions in a personal and creative way. It offers a means of self-discovery

and self-reflection.

2. Catharsis and emotional well-being: Writing can be a therapeutic activity, helping people process and make sense of their feelings and experiences. It provides an outlet for emotions, reduces stress, and promotes emotional well-being.

3. Storytelling and imagination: Writing allows individuals to create and share stories, whether fictional or based on personal experiences. It taps into the human fascination with narratives and encourages imagination and storytelling skills.

4. Communication and connection: Writing enables individuals to communicate their ideas and perspectives with others. It can foster connections, spark discussions, and create communities of like-minded individuals who appreciate literature and writing.

5. Personal growth and development: Engaging in writing as a hobby can lead to personal growth, improved writing skills, and expanded knowledge. It encourages continuous learning, research, and the development of a unique writing style.

g. How can knitting be rewarding to a person?

Answer:- Knitting can be rewarding to a person in several ways:

1. Creativity and self-expression: Knitting allows individuals to create unique and personalized items such as clothing, accessories, and home decor. It provides la creative outlet for self-expression and allows for customization according to personal style and preferences.

2. Mindfulness and relaxation: The repetitive nature of knitting can induce a meditative state, promoting relaxation, stress reduction, and mindfulness. It can be a soothing and calming activity, offering a break from daily pressures and distractions.

3. Sense of accomplishment: Completing a knitting project, whether it's a small item or a larger endeavor, can provide a sense of achievement and pride. Witnessing the

tangible results of one's efforts can boost self-confidence and motivation.

4. Connection and community: Knitting can be a social hobby, allowing individuals to connect with other knitters through knitting circles, groups, or online communities. It provides opportunities for sharing knowledge, patterns, and ideas, fostering a sense of belonging and camaraderie.

5. Practical and sustainable: Knitting allows individuals to create functional items that serve a purpose, such as warm scarves, cozy blankets, or useful dishcloths. It promotes sustainability by encouraging the use of natural fibers and reducing reliance on mass-produced goods.

E. Do you think a person's hobby really helps him/her in a professional career? Discuss.

Answer: Engaging in a hobby can certainly have a positive impact on a person's professional career. Here are a few reasons why:

1. Transferable skills: Many hobbies require the development of specific skills that can be transferable to the workplace. For example, hobbies like writing, painting, orphotography can enhance creativity, attention to detail, and visual communication skills. Playing a musical instrument can improve discipline, focus, and teamwork. These skills can be valuable in a wide range of professional fields.

2. Personal growth and self-confidence: Hobbies provide opportunities for personal growth and self-improvement.

When individuals pursue their hobbies passionately, they often push themselves to learn new things, overcome challenges, nand strive for excellence. This growth mindset can translate into a professional setting, where individuals are more likely to take on new responsibilities, seek out learning opportunities, and have the confidence to tackle challenges.

3. Networking and connections: Manynhobbies offer social interactions and networking opportunities.

Engaging with others who share similar interests can lead to valuable connections and relationships. These connections may open doors to professional opportunities, collaborations, mentorship, or even job prospects. Networking through hobbies can be particularly beneficial in industries where personal connections and referrals play a significant role.

4. Stress relief and work-life balance: Hobbies can serve as a source of stress relief and help individuals maintain a healthy work-life balance. Engaging in activities that bring joy and relaxation outside of work can reduce stress levels, increase overall well-being, and prevent burnout. When individuals prioritize their hobbies and take time for themselves, they often come back to their professional endeavors with renewed energy and focus.

5. Differentiation and unique perspectives: Hobbies can make individuals stand out from their peers and provide unique perspectives in the workplace. Having diverse interests

and experiences outside of work can contribute to a well-rounded individual who brings fresh ideas and creativity to their professional role. Employers often value employees

who can think outside the box, approach problems from multiple angles, and bring a diverse range of skills and perspectives to the table.

While hobbies can have a positive impact on a person's professional career, it's important to note that not all hobbies directly translate into professional skills or opportunities. However, the personal growth, stress relief, and balance that hobbies provide can indirectly contribute to an individual's overall well-being and job satisfaction, which can, in turn, have a positive impact on their professional success.

Climbing

Reading II

A. Find the words from the text above that have the following meanings.

a. a small flash of light, especially a reflected oner - glint

b. main branch of a tree - bough

c. a little tower of a building or a castle - turret

d. a set of steps leading from one floor of a building to another - stair

e. causing great wonder; extraordinary marvellous

B. Choose the correct answer.

a. What does the speaker view from the branch of the tree?

i. the sky

ii. the earth

iii. the town

b. What aids the speaker to go up and up?

i. the apple tree

ii. the branches on the tree

iii. a stair bought for her support

c. What does the speaker compare the glow of a dome with?

i. a turret

ii. a spire

iii. sea foam aning

d. Which of the following statements is true?

i. The speaker used to climb onto the tree top.

ii. The speaker is sure to get to the top of the tree now.

iii. The tree leaves will certainly prevent her from going higher and higher.

e. Which of the following statements carries the message of the poem?

i. We should not give up in the middle of any situation or a goal.

ii. Be satisfied with what you have at the moment.

iii. We cannot enter heaven without a staircase.

C. Answer these questions from that poem too in short.

a. Why does the speaker want to climb on the tree?

Answer: The speaker wants to climb the tree to gain a higher perspective and experience a sense of freedom and exploration.

b. What things are shining brightly when viewed from above?

Answer: When viewed from above, the things shining brightly are the leaves of the tree.

c. Is it the first time that the speaker has climbed up the tree? How do you know?

Answer: it is implied that it is not the first time the speaker has climbed up the tree. This can be inferred from the speaker's familiarity with the act of climbing and the ease with which they navigate the branches.

d. Make a list of words from the poem which d which describe the light or brightness.

Answer: Words from the poem that describe the light or brightness include 'shining" "flash" "sparkling" and "dazzling."

e. What do the sky and the earth symbolise in the poem?

Answer: In the poem, the sky and the earth symbolize vastness, beauty, and the wonders of nature. The sky represents freedom, openness, and limitless possibilities, while the earth symbolizes stability, grounding, and the interconnectedness of all living things. Together, they embody the harmony and balance found in nature.

D. "The more determined you are, the better opportunity you will achieve in life and obtain what you want in life." Do you agree with this statement? Discuss.

Answer:- The statement "The more determined you are, the better opportunity you will achieve in life and obtain what you want in life" reflects the idea that determination is a crucial factor in achieving success and attaining one's goals. While determination can certainly contribute to one's chances of success, it is important to consider various factors that influence an individual's opportunities and outcomes in life.

Agreeing with the statement, determination is often a driving force behind individuals who set clear goals, work hard, and persevere through obstacles. It fuels motivation and resilience, enabling individuals to overcome setbacks and continue pursuing their aspirations. Determined individuals tend to exhibit a strong work ethic, discipline, and a willingness to put in the necessary effort and time required to achieve their objectives.

These qualities can increase the likelihood of seizing opportunities and making the most of them when they arise. However, it is essential to recognize that success and opportunities in life are influenced by a complex interplay of factors beyond determination alone. External circumstances, Such as socio-economic background, access to resources, systemic barriers, and luck, also play significant roles in shaping opportunities and outcomes. Not everyone starts on an equal playing field, and external factors beyond an individual's control can significantly impact their ability to achieve what they want.

Furthermore, the definition of success and what one wants in life is subjective and can vary from person to person. Success is multifaceted and can encompass various aspects

of life, including personal fulfilment, relationships, health, and happiness. While determination is important, it is not the sole determinant of achieving all types of success.

Additionally, it is crucial to acknowledge that setbacks and failures are inevitable parts of life. No matter how determined an individual is, they may encounter obstacles that are insurmountable or circumstances that are beyond their control. In such cases, the ability to adapt, learn from failures, and reassess goals becomes vital.

In conclusion, while determination is a valuable trait that can contribute to success, it is not the sole factor that determines one's opportunities and outcomes in life. It is essential to consider the broader context, external circumstances, and the multifaceted nature of success. By recognizing the interplay of various factors and combining determination with adaptability, resilience, and an understanding of one's own values and aspirations, individuals can increase their chances of achieving their goals and leading

a fulfilling life.

Grammar II

A. Now, change the following sentences with passive voice using 'being' or 'having'.

a. Puja hates people shouting at her in the street.

Answer: Puja hates being shouted at in the street.

b. Jahagir can't stand beggars wiping his feet.

Answer: Jahagir can't stand having his feet wiped.

c. Our class teacher detests students flattering her.

Answer: Our class teacher detests being flattered.

d. The headteacher likes teachers checking students' homeworks.

Answer: The headteacher likes having students' homeworks checked.

e. The actress does not mind journalists following her.

Answer: The actress does not mind being followed.

f. Rebika prefers people writing to her better than talking to her on the lines.

Answer: Rebika prefers being written to better than talked to on the lines.

9. History & Culture

Reading I

A. Complete the following sentences with the correct words from the text.

a. Queen Rajendra Laxmi ruled the country as a regent because her son Rana Bahadur Shah was too young.

b. Many buildings were renovated as they were destroyed by the earthquake.

c. Many temples had their pinnacles made of gold.

d. As the original trophy was stolen, they made the exact replica of it.

e. Madhav Prasad Ghimire has conferred the title 'Rastrakavi' in 2003.

f. The government patronised Jhamak Kumari Ghimire for her contribution to Nepali literature.

g. The British soldiers tried to invade Nepal but the brave Nepali people chased them away.

B. Choose the best alternative.

a. Why did Pratap Malla keep his father in jail?

i. Pratap Malla was insane.

ii. Pratap Malla wanted to be the king soon.

iii. Pratap Malla's father was insane.

iv. Pratap Malla had no experience of administration.

b. What made Kantipur a strong state during Pratap Mallai's reign?

i. Pratap Malla's bravery

ii. Pratap Malla's diplomacy

iii. Pratap Malla's love for poetry

iv. Pratap Malla's love for art and culture

c. Which of the following was not renovated by Pratap Malla?

i. Pashupatinath

ii. Temple of Taleju

iii. Temple of Degutale

iv. Temple of Budhanilkantha

d. According to the text, which of the following did not happen during Pratap Malla's reign?

i. Trade with India and China

ii. Promotion of art and culture

iii. Invasion of Kantipur

iv. Presence of learned men at the palace

C. Answer these questions.

a. Name two countries that had trade with Kantipur.

= Two countries that had trade with Kantipur during Pratap Malla's reign were India and China.

b. How did Pratap Malla keep his kingdom safe from Lalitpur and Bhaktapur?

= Pratap Malla kept his kingdom safe from Lalitpur and Bhaktapur by using a tactic of making the kings of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur play against each other. He sometimes sided with Bhaktapur and posed a threat to Lalitpur, and on other occasions, he aligned with Lalitpur and fell upon Bhaktapur.

c. Where did Pratap Malla place the image of Lord Hanuman? Why?

= Pratap Malla placed the image of Lord Hanuman by the side of his palace gate, and he called the palace Hanumandhoka. He did this to ward off evils.

d. Pratap Malla conferred himself with the title 'Kabeendral. Do you think this title suit him? Give reasons.

= Pratap Malla conferred himself with the title 'Kabeendra, a king of poets. This title suits him as he was a vastly learned king, and a poet. He could compose poems in Sanskrit, Nepal Bhasa, Nepali, Bengali, and Hindi.

e. Pratap Malla used to invite the intellectuals at his palace. What does this indicate about his personality as a king?

= Pratap Malla used to invite intellectuals to his palace. This indicates that he was a personality as a king who respected and patronized the scholars of his time. He was interested in learning and promoting art and literature.

D. Pratap Malla contributed a lot to Nepali culture during his reign. Can you name some of them which still exist?

= Pratap Malla made significant contributions to Nepali culture during his reign. Some of his contributions that still exist today include :-

-The renovation of the Pashupatinath Temple and the erection of a pinnacle over it

- The construction of various temples and structures at Swayambhu, including Pratappur and Kabeendrapur

- The renovation of the temples of Basuki Bhimsen, Taleju, and Degutale

-The erection of an image of Hanuman, the monkey god, by the side of his palace gate, which led to the palace being named Hanuman Dhoka

- The construction of Sundari Chowk and Mohan Chowk inside the palace

- The digging of a pond at Bhandarkhal and the installation of an image of Narayan lying in the pond, which was an exact replica from the Budhanilkantha Temple

Grammar I

A. Find the second part of each sentence. Then, change each verb into the correct form.

a. The alarm (go) - ii. while Trishna (sleep). The alarm went while Trishna was sleeping.

b. As soon as the teacher (ask) the question - i. Brinda (reply) her. As soon as the teacher asked the questions, Brinda replied her.

c. I (do) my homework - iv. when the telephone (ring). I was doing my homework when the telephone rang.

d. When the doors (open) - v. the audience (rush) into the stadium. When the doors opened, the audience rushed into the stadium.

e. When we (wake) - ili. we (see) the sun shining brightly. When we woke, we saw the sun shining brightly.

B. Complete the sentences. Write in the correct form of the verb.

a. When I arrived home, my dad was preparing snacks for me.

b. That day, when we left home, the sky was overcast and it was drizzling.

c. Last week, we booked a hotel online. The hotel was really wonderful. The staff stood at the gate to welcome us when we reached there.

d. Were the children sleeping when you reached home that night?

e. Something very strange happened on my way home yesterday. I was walking along the way. Suddenly, I saw my grandfather following But he had died a year ago.

f. We were traveling to Chitwan when the police stopped us on the way. According to them, there was a bomb there. So, we had to wait for an hour.

C. Make sentences using the words given in the brackets. Use the correct forms of the verbs: simple past or past continuous.

a. It began to snow while we were returning home.

b. Kamal fell off while he was playing on the verandah.

c. Amit was waiting for me when I reached the station.

d. Simran took my photos while I was not looking at the camera.

e. What were you doing yesterday when I called you?

f. I broke the glass while I was washing it.

g. The teacher entered the class while some students were dancing in the class.

h. I found the lost purse while I was cleaning the room.

i. Dipisha finished her homework while her brother was watching TV.

Writing I

A. Study the events below. These are the major events that happened in the history of Nepal from 2017 B.S. to 2046 B.S. Write a couple of paragraphs about Nepal's journey

from Panchayat to Multiparty Democracy.

Ans : Nepal's journey from Panchayat to multiparty democracy was a long and tumultuous one. It all started on the 1st of Poush, 2017, when King Mahendra dismissed the elected government, suspended parliament, imprisoned the Prime Minister and Ministers, banned political parties and activities, and seized all power. The King announced the partyless autocratic Panchayat System on the 22nd of Poush, 2017, which lasted for nearly three decades. During this period, Nepal witnessed a period of relative stability, but

it was marred by corruption, human rights violations, and suppression of dissent.

In 2036, King Birendra announced a referendum to decide whether to continue with the Panchayat System or to establish a multiparty democracy. The election took place on the 20th of Baishak, 2037, and the majority of the people voted for multiparty democracy. However, the King did not implement the result, and Nepal continued to be ruled under the Panchayat System for another five years.

In 2042, a non-violent civil disobedience movement was launched against the Panchayat System, which was led by several political parties, civil society organizations, and student groups. The movement was initially suppressed, but it gained momentum, and the government was forced to make some concessions. Finally, on the 7th of Falgun, 2046, the mass movement formally started, and it continued for several weeks until the King agreed to restore the multiparty system on the 26th of Chaitra, 2046.

The restoration of multiparty democracy marked a significant turning point in Nepal's history. It ushered in a period of political freedom, human rights, and economic growth. Nepal's journey from Panchayat to multiparty democracy was long and challenging, but it was a testament to the resilience and determination of the Nepali people to achieve their aspirations for a better future.

B. Some people think studying history is just a waste of time while others think that it is essential. What do you think of these ideas? Write your opinion in about 200 words.

= Studying history is a subject that can be approached from different perspectives, and opinions about its value vary widely. Some people view history as a useless subject that doesn't contribute to our daily lives or career prospects. On the other hand, some see it as a necessary field of study that provides a better understanding of the past, present, and future.

The importance of studying history cannot be overstated. It helps us understand how societies and cultures evolved over time, how conflicts arose and were resolved, and how

ideas and beliefs influenced people's lives. It also enables us to recognize patterns and avoid repeating past mistakes.

Furthermore, history provides us with a sense of identity and belonging. It connects us to our ancestors and allows us to understand our heritage and cultural values. It can also inspire us by showing how individuals and societies overcame adversity and achieved great things.

While some may argue that history is not essential for certain professions, it can provide valuable insights that may not be apparent at first glance. For example, studying the history of medicine can offer valuable lessons that can be applied in current medical research and practice.

In conclusion, studying history is far from a waste of time. It is an essential subject that helps us understand the world around us and our place in it. It provides us with valuable insights and knowledge that can benefit us in many ways, both in our personal and professional lives.

Flowers in Russian Culture

Reading II

A. Find out the single words for the following meanings.

a. a strong, usually pleasant smell - aroma

b. different colours of paint, especially as used by an artist - palette

c. to a great degree immensely

d. lasting only a short time - fleeting

e. the act or process of producing children or baby animals - procreation

f. enclose (something) in or as if in a capsule - encapsulate

g. a type of treatment which involves massaging the body with special fragrant oils - aromatherapy

h. causing to be kept away - repellent

i. to be a sign of something that will happen in the future - foreshadow

B. Words like gift-giving, heartwarming, cardboard, etc., are compound words. Make a list of such compound words from the text.

Flower-gifting

Heartwarming

Cardboard

Aromatherapy

Lesser-known

Fortune-telling

Self-murmured

Newly-wed

C. Complete the sentences below with the correct information from the text.

a. People do not care which flowers they are receiving as long as the flowers are beautiful and they give a pleasant aroma

b. Flowers are gifted worldwide to express love and affection

c. Following the strict flower etiquette while gifting flowers in Russia saves you from offending people.

d. Red carnations symbolise the 1917 February Revolution. produced by the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party of Bolsheviks.

e. Russian people believe that the white carnation ymbolizes bad omens so, we should not gift them to performers.

f. Russian people do not gift red puppy flowers to their beloved ones because they think if they do so their love becomes weak.

g. When Russians want break-up from their beloved ones they gift bunch of yellow flowers.

h. Chamomiles have medicinal values so they can be used for the treatment of fatal diseases.

i. We should not gift a white lily bouquet in a Russian wedding as it symbolises death

D. Answer these questions.

a. Mention any two reasons for which people gift flowers to others.

= People gift flowers to others for many reasons, including to express love, appreciation, sympathy, gratitude, congratulations, or to simply brighten someone's day.

b. How do people feel when they are gifted flowers?

= People generally feel happy and appreciated when they are gifted flowers. Flowers have been shown to have a positive effect on mood and can help to reduce stress and anxiety.

c. What determines the selection of flowers for gifting in Russia?

= The selection of flowers for gifting in Russia is often determined by their symbolic meanings. For example, red roses are often given as a symbol of love, while yellow flowers are associated with jealousy or betrayal.

d. Which event in Russian history is reflected by the red carnation?

= The red carnation is associated with the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, which marked the beginning of the Soviet era.

e. Does a Russian like to keep a white carnation under his/her pillow? Why?

= Yes, it is believed in Russia that keeping a white carnation under the pillow can bring good dreams and peaceful sleep.

f. What's the reason for connecting the red puppy with fragile love?

= The red poppy is often associated with fragile love because of its delicate petals and short lifespan.

g. What makes the Russian people eat red puppy seeds in their wedding?

= Eating red poppy seeds at a Russian wedding is believed to bring good luck and fertility to the newlyweds.

h. Do you prefer to grow chamomile in your garden? Why?

Chamomile is a popular choice for many gardeners because it is easy to grow and has many health benefits.

i. What colour is chamomile?

Chamomile flowers are typically white with a yellow center.

j. Write the names of two flowers used for fortune telling.

= Two flowers commonly used for fortune-telling are dandelions and marigolds.

k. Which flower is mostly used in Russian weddings?

= The most commonly used flower in Russian weddings is the white lily.

E. Do you know other flowers that are commonly used for gifting? Write the names of those flowers and the occasions on which they are gifted.

Yes, there are many flowers that are commonly used for gifting. Here are a few examples along with the occasions on which they are often gifted:

Roses - Roses are one of the most popular flowers for gifting. They are often associated with love and romance, and are commonly given on Valentine's Day or anniversaries. However, they can also be given on other occasions such as birthdays, Mother's Day, or as a way to express sympathy.

Lilies - Lilies are another popular flower for gifting. They come in a variety of colors and are often associated with purity and innocence. They are commonly given on Easter, as well as on occasions such as weddings, graduations, or as a way to express sympathy.

Tulips - Tulips are often associated with spring and new beginnings. They come in a variety of colors and are commonly given as a way to say thank you, or as a birthday or anniversary gift.

Daisies - Daisies are often associated with happiness and innocence. They are commonly given as a way to say thank you, or as a birthday or get well soon gift.

Sunflowers - Sunflowers are often associated with warmth and happiness. They are commonly given as a way to express gratitude or as a way to brighten someone's day.

Orchids - Orchids are often associated with luxury and beauty. They are commonly given as a way to express admiration or appreciation and are often given as gifts for Mother's Day, birthdays, or as a way to say thank you.

Grammar II

A. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in the brackets.

a. The children five minutes ago. (arrive) arrived

b. Ramchandra the ticket before he went to the cinema. (buy) had bought

c. Alexander one-fourth of the world before he was thirty. (conquer) conquered

d. When she came out of the airport, nobody.... for her. (wait) was waiting

f. I found a thousand rupee note in my pants pocket while I ...... it. (wash) was washing

g. Somebody ..... at my door while I was taking a rest. (knock) knocked

h. Every year, he some money which he spent to buy a new house. (save) saved

my breakfast before I went to work. (have) was having

j. The train ........ before we reached the station. (leave) had left

B. Complete the story below with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.

A young lady entered a shop in Birendranagar, Surkhet. She put a few items of food in a bag. She chose a time when not many people were there in the street. She waited for the moment when no one else would see her running away. When the shopkeeper checked the goods, she gave him a thousand-rupee note. As soon as the shopkeeper opened the box, she snatched all the money from it. Meanwhile, she had run out of the shop before the shopkeeper realised what had happened When the shopkeeper checked the amount in the box, he found (find) that the thief had taken (take) only Rs. 450. As the thief had left (leave) a thousand-rupee note behind, the operation cost her Rs. 550.

Writing II

A. Write a story using the outlines given below.

a great conflict between the birds and the beasts....... two armies collected together...... the bat refuses to join ....... says he is a beast ........... beasts request...... says he is a bird..... peace made, no battle rejoicing ........ bat wishes to join ........ both turn against him..... threaten to tear into pieces. bat flies away ............ moral

The Bat, the Birds, and the Beasts

Once upon a time, there was a great conflict between the birds and the beasts. The two armies were collected together, ready to engage in a fierce battle. The bat, with its leathery wings and sharp fangs, was caught in the middle. The birds pleaded with the bat to join their side, saying that he was one of them. The beasts also requested the bat's loyalty, claiming that he was a beast like them. The bat was torn. He didn't want to fight either side, but he also didn't want to be rejected by both.

Finally, the bat spoke. "I am not a bird, nor a beast," he said. "I am different,

and I choose to be neutral."

The birds and the beasts were both angry. The birds said that the bat was a coward, and the beasts said that he was a traitor. They threatened to tear him into pieces if he didn't join their side. The bat was scared, but he knew that he had to stay true to himself. He spread his wings and flew away, seeking refuge in a dark and secluded cave.

The birds and the beasts continued to fight, but they were eventually defeated by a wise old owl. The owl told them that they should learn to live in peace, and they agreed. The

bat never forgot the lesson he learned that day. He knew that it was better to be true to himself, even if it meant being rejected by others. He also knew that it was possible to find peace and harmony, even in the midst of conflict. Eng Nepal

Moral of the story: Be true to yourself, even if it means facing rejection. It is better to be alone than to be surrounded by people who don't accept you for who you are.

B. Write a story that begins with the sentence 'One warm summer afternoon an old owl was dozing when a grasshopper disturbed it with a very raspy song.

One warm summer afternoon, an old owl was dozing on a branch of a large oak tree when a grasshopper disturbed it with a very raspy song. The owl, annoyed at being disturbed from its peaceful slumber, opened one eye to see what was going on.

To its surprise, the owl saw that the grasshopper was perched on a nearby branch, playing a tiny guitar. The owl, curious about the strange sight, decided to strike up a conversation with the grasshopper.

"What brings you here today, young one?" the old owl asked.

The grasshopper replied, "I'm on a journey to find the most beautiful melody in the world. I've traveled far and wide, but so far, nothing has caught my ear. I thought I'd try my luck here in these woods."

The owl was intrigued by the grasshopper's story and suggested that they embark on the journey together. The grasshopper eagerly agreed, and the pair set off into the woods,

hopping from branch to branch. As they journeyed deeper into the forest, they encountered all sorts of creatures - from the tiniest insects to the largest beasts. Each creature

had its own unique sound, and the grasshopper made sure to take note of each one. After many days of traveling, they finally came across a babbling brook. The sound of the

water rushing over the rocks was soothing, and the grasshopper began to play a tune on his guitar that perfectly complemented the sound of the stream. The owl was amazed.

"That's it!" he exclaimed. "That's the most beautiful melody in the world!"

The grasshopper was overjoyed at having found what he had been searching for all along. From that day on, he continued to travel the world, playing his guitar and composing

new melodies inspired by the sounds of nature. As for the owl, it had found a newfound appreciation for the beauty of the world around it, and it continued to doze peacefully on its branch, content in the knowledge that it had helped a fellow creature on its journey.

10. Games And Sports

Reading I

A. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

[exquisite, inherited, underworld, embroidered, stew, decreed, mounted, rejoicing, furious, lush]

a. We are having stew for lunch today.

b. The demon was sent to the underworld for his disobedience to the gods.

c. The sleeves of his coat were embroidered in gold.

d. Smita was absolutely furious at having been cheated.

e. Her wedding dress was absolutely exquisite.

f. The prince inherited the kingship after his father's death.

g. There was great rejoicing when the Nepali Football Team won SAFF U-19 championship.

h. The king mounted his horse and rode away from the palace.

i. The government decreed that the following day would be a holiday on the occasion of Eid.

j. It was wonderful to spend a week in the lush green countryside.

B. Write if the following statements are true, false or not given based on the information given in the text.

a. Tantalus' father Zeus was also half god and half man. - NG

b. Tantalus wanted to take revenge with the gods. - NG

c. The gods revived Pelops to rule in Elis. - Fasle

d. Princess Hippodamia was impressed with Pelops at first sight. - True

e. Hippodamia wanted to kill the king so that she could inherit the kingdom. - False

f. The Olympic Games were not held for about 1,500 years due to the fear of the earthquake. - False

g. In every Olympic Games the torch is carried from Greece. - True

C. Answer these questions.

a. Who was Tantalus?

= Tantalus was a figure from ancient Greek mythology who was half-god and half-human. His father was Zeus, the king of the gods.

b. Why were the gods angry with him?

= The gods were angry with Tantalus because he decided to kill his son Pelops and serve him as a stew to the gods at a dinner he was hosting.

c. What punishment did gods give Tantalus?

= As punishment for his crime, the gods sent Tantalus to the underworld where he was made to stand in water up to his neck forever.

d. What unique qualities did the horses of the king and Pelops have?

= The horses given to Pelops by the gods were snow-white and could run faster than the wind. The king's horses were magical and could run faster than lightning.

e. What was the risk of proposing to Princess Hippodamia?

= The risk of proposing to Princess Hippodamia was that if Pelops lost the chariot race against her father, he would be executed.

f. How did the stable boy help pelops win the race?

= The stable boy helped Pelops win the race by replacing the bronze pins that held the wheels of the king's chariot with pins made of candle wax. When the race began, the wax melted, causing the wheels to fall off and the king's chariot to crash, allowing Pelops to win.

g. How did the king die?

= The king died after the wheels of his chariot flew off during a horse race with Pelops. The wax pins that held the wheels in place had melted in the heat, causing the chariot to crash and the king to be thrown to his death.

h. Why did Pelops and Hippodamia organise a feast?

= Pelops and Hippodamia organised a feast to celebrate the victory of Pelops in the chariot race against the old king.

i. How did the events of the feast become the Origin of modern Olympic Games?

= The events of the feast became the origin of the modern Olympic Games because Pelops established a tradition of holding athletic competitions in honour of Zeus, which eventually led to the creation of the Olympic Games. Leaning Nepal

j. How is the Olympic torch lit?

= The Olympic torch is lit from the rays of the sun on the Olympic fields in Greece.

Grammar

A. Complete the text below with the present perfect or present perfect continuous tense of verbs in the brackets. Kaski, Pokhara 21 August Hi Nima!

Just a quick note from Pokhara. We have been here for two days now. We..have been staying... in a hotel in Lakeside since we arrived. By now, we have already. visited... many places of interest here, I feel really excited to be here. We......... (not be) to Sarangkot yet. We plan to go there too. I have always wished to go paragliding have been convincing..... my parents for this. How have you been spending your holidays? I guess you have been visiting your grandparents. Please have a great time. We will have great fun back at school.

With love,

Nirjala

B. Complete the sentences below with the present perfect or resent perfect continuous tense of the verbs given in the brackets.

Answer

a. Siddhartha has learned to drive in just ten years.

b. It has been raining all summer. There have been floods and landslides in many places.

c. Palden: You must have finished the book. I think you have been reading it since last week.

Ricky: No, I haven't finished it yet. Actually, I started it just yesterday.

d. What have you been cooking for so long?

e. You have promised to help me many times. You really need to help me today..

f. The children have their exams next week. So they have been preparing a lot.

g. The film is really wonderful. Have you watched it yet?

h. Sitaram has been painting his house all day. He has not finished it yet.

i. Finally, they have fixed the leakage in their roof.

j. I am so tired now. I have worked hard lately.

Writing

A. Read the following paragraph about a popular footballer and answer the questions.

a. Which sentence is the topic sentence of the paragraph?

= The topic sentence of the paragraph is "English footballer David Beckham became a popular player in the late 1990s."

b. Are the other sentences related to the topic sentence?

= Yes, the other sentences in the paragraph are related to the topic sentence. They provide additional information about Beckham's popularity, his skills as a player, his leadership qualities, and his achievements.

c. Which sentence condudes the paragraph?

= The sentence that concludes the paragraph is "He is still loved by many even after his retirement."

d. Are the topic and concluding sentences similar or different?

= The topic and concluding sentences are different. The topic sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph, which is Beckham's popularity, while the concluding sentence summarizes the paragraph by stating that he is still loved by many even after his retirement.

B. Write a similar paragraph about your favourite player. Mark the topic, supporting and concluding sentences in your paragraph.

One of my favourite football players is Lionel Messi. Messi is an Argentine professional footballer who currently plays for Paris Saint-Germain Football Club in France. He rose to fame as a player of Barcelona Football Club in Spain, where he spent most of his career. Messi is widely regarded as one of the greatest football players of all time. He has won numerous awards throughout his career, including seven Ballon d'Or awards given to the best player in the

world. Messi is known for his incredible dribbling skills, agility, and accurate finishing ability. He is also a great team player who is able to set up goals for his teammates. Even though Messi has faced several challenges throughout his career, he has remained humble and dedicated to the sport. Messi is loved and respected by many fans all over the world.

Topic Sentence: One of my favourite football players is Lionel Messi.

Supporting Sentences: Messi is an Argentine professional footballer who currently plays for Paris Saint-Germain Football Club in France. He rose to fame as a player of Barcelona Football Club in Spain, where he spent most of his career. Messi is widely regarded as one of the greatest football players of all time. He has won numerous awards throughout his career, including seven Ballon d'Or awards given to the best player in the world. Messi is known for his incredible dribbling skills, agility, and accurate finishing ability. He is also a great team player who is able to set up goals for his teammates. Even though Messi has faced several challenges throughout his career, he has remained humble and dedicated to the sport.

Popularity of the Different Sports in the World

Reading II

A. Fill in the crossword puzzle with the correct words from the text.

ACROSS

1. a person who works as a professional, especially in a sport

4. existing for longer than people can remember; very old

6. possible to approach, enter, or use

9. long and thin, often in a way that is unusual

DOWN

2. a British game by two teams using a bat and ball

3. connected with activities that people do for pleasure when they are not working

5. a hit of the ball before it touches the ground

7. a large pile of earth or stones; a small hill

8. showing or feeling respect and slight fear

B. Choose the correct alternative and answer the questions.

a. Which two games are popular in the world for their cheap equipment?

i. football and hockey

ii. football and basketball iii. basketball and volleyball

b. In which countries is cricket particularly popular?

i. Canada, America and Africa

ii. UK, American and Australia

iii. India, Pakistan and Australia

c. What Is the significant difference between regular volleyball and beach volleyball?

i. the number of teams

ii. the number of players

iii. India, Pakistan and Australia

c. What Is the significant difference between regular volleyball and beach volleyball?

i. the number of teams

ii. the number of players

iii. the size of the playground

d. Which of the following games involve the use of a ball and bat?

i. baseball and cricket

ii. rugby and cricket

iii. hockey and cricket

e. Which country is supposed to have named 'golf'?

i. Scotland

ii. England

iii. the Netherlands

f. Which of the following games have their varieties in terms of the places they are played?

i. rounders and baseball

ii. hockey and volleyball

iii. football and cricket

C. Answer these questions in short.

a. Mention any two reasons behind the popularity of sports in the world.

= Two reasons behind the popularity of sports in the world are its ability to promote physical fitness and provide entertainment and recreation for people.

b. What does historical evidence say about the origin of football?

= Historical evidence suggests that early versions of football were played in ancient civilizations like China, Greece, and Rome. However, modern football as we know it today originated in England in the mid-19th century.

c. What is the main difference between cricket and baseball?

= The main difference between cricket and Baseball is the way the ball is thrown. In cricket, the ball is bowled towards the batsman, while in baseball, the ball is pitched by the pitcher towards the batter.

d. How is regular volleyball played?

= Regular volleyball is played with two teams of six players each. The teams try to hit the ball over the net and land it in the opponent's court, while also trying to prevent the opponents from doing the same.

e. Who originated basketball and when?

= Basketball was originated by Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor, in December 1891.

f. What risk is involved in rugby?

Rugby involves a higher risk of physical contact and tackling compared to many other sports. The players can experience injuries such as fractures, concussions, and sprains due to the physical nature of the game.

Grammar II

A. Complete the text below with the correct alternative from the brackets.

A man who.......(wanted, is wanted, was wanted) tovbuy an ass went to market. Coming across a likely-looking beast, he iin (was arranged, arranged, had been arranged) with the owner that he should.......(allowed, be allowed, was allowing) to take him home on trial to see what the beast was like. When the man...... (reached, was reached, will be reached) home, he put the beast into his stable along with the other asses. The newcomer looked around, and immediately went and chose a place next to the laziest and greediest beast in the stable. When the master.....(saw, was seen, had been seen) this, he put a halter on him at once, and.........(led, was lead, was leading) him off and (handed, was handed, will be handed) him over to his owner. The latter.......(surprised, was surprising, was surprised) to see him back so soon. He inquired, "Why, do you mean to say.......... (have tested, have been tested, was tested) him already?" "I don't want to put him through any more tests," replied the other. "I.............. (could see, could be seen, could have seen) what sort of beast, he is from the companion he chose for himself."

Answer :-

A man who wanted to buy an ass went to market. Coming across a likely-looking beast, he arranged with the owner that he should be allowed to take him home on trial to see what the beast was like. When the man reached home, he put the beast into his stable along with the other asses. The newcomer looked around, and immediately went and chose a place next to the laziest and greediest beast in the stable. When the master saw this, he put a halter on him at once, and led him off and handed him over to his owner. The latter was surprised to see him back so soon. He inquired, "Why, do you mean to say he was tested already?" "I don't want to put him through any more tests," replied the other. "I could see what sort of beast he is from the companion he chose for himself."

B. Complete the sentences below with the correct alternative from the brackets.

Answer Key

a. People always admire this picture.

b. His leg was hurt in the accident'. This is to say: He hurt his leg in the accident.

c. Their children are very badly dressed.

d. Someone has broken two of my dinner plates.

e. This story will be forgotten in few years.

f. All the questions must be answered.

f biscuits. al g. The boys have eaten the packet of biscuits.

h. People built the bridge last year.

i. The farmers are ploughing the field.

j. How do people trap a tiger?

k. We will be helped by the teacher.

I. We should preserve the tiger.

m. A nest has been built by the bird.

D. What is the significance of the Olympic Games in the world today? Discuss.

The Olympic Games have a significant impact on the world today. They bring together people from different countries and cultures in a spirit of friendly competition, promoting international understanding and cooperation. Additionally, the Games inspire millions of people to participate in sports and lead active lives, contributing to physical fitness and healthy lifestyles. The Games also have significant economic and cultural impacts, providing a platform for countries to showcase their cultural heritage and promote tourism. As the Games continue to evolve, their importance in the world will only continue to grow.

C. Change the sentences below into passive voice.

a. People could hear the noise of explosion from a distance,

b. We ought to break down the building before it collapses.

c. Has he translated the book in any other language?

d. I Like people driving me to my home.

e. Can anybody solve this problem?

f. We had to book the ticket in advance because of the festive season.

g. Who might have stolen your bicycle?

h. I didn't notice that you were recording the class.

I. Does he always sing songs at parties?

j. She will draw the painting beautifully.

k. Let the mechanic repair my bike.

I. People believe that the Mahabharata was fought in the 10th century BCE.

m. What are you instructing them now?

Answer :-

a. The noise of the explosion could be heard from a distance.

b. The building ought to be broken down before it collapses.

c. Has the book been translated into any other language by him?

d. I like being driven to my home by people.

e. Can this problem be solved by anybody?

f. The ticket had to be booked in advance by us because of the festive season.

g. Your bicycle might have been stolen by someone.

h. I didn't notice that the class was being recorded by you.

i. Does he always sing songs at parties?

j. The painting will be drawn beautifully by her.

k. Let my bike be repaired by the mechanic.

I. The Mahabharata is believed to have been fought in the 10th century BCE by people.

m. What are they being instructed by you now?

Writing II

Write a dialogue between you and your friend about the upcoming Sports Day/ Week in your school. Include the following points in your dialogue.

Me: Hey, have you heard about the upcoming sports day/week in our school?

Friend: No, I haven't. When is it happening?

Me: It's going to be held next month on the 15th and 16th at our school's sports ground. The event will start at 9 am.

Friend: That sounds exciting. What types of events are going to be there?

Me: There will be various events like running, long jump, high jump, shot put, and relay race. The students can participate in any of these events depending on their interests.

Friend: That's great. Who all can participate in these events?

Me: All the students from different grades can participate in the events.

We can form teams for the relay race as well. Friend: Sounds like a lot of fun. Will there be any prizes for the winners?

Me: Yes, the winners will be awarded medals and certificates. There will also be a prize distribution ceremony on the last day of the sports week. Friend: Wow, that sounds exciting. I can't wait for the sports week to begin.

Me: Yes, me too. We should start practising from now onwards to give our best shot in the events.

Friend: Definitely, let's start practising together from tomorrow.

Project work

Find information about a sport that you like the most. Then prepare a pamphlet about it. Include pictures, drawings and illustrations in the pamphlet.

Football

Football is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score more goals than the

other team by kicking or heading the ball into the opposing goal.

The game is played with a spherical ball that is approximately 27 to 28 inches in circumference. The ball is made of leather or synthetic materials and is filled with air.

The players use their feet, heads, and torsos to control the ball. They can also use their hands, but only to stop the ball from going out of bounds. The goalkeeper is the only player who is allowed to use their hands inside the penalty area.

The game is played in two halves of 45 minutes each, with a break in between. The winner of the game is the team that has scored more goals by the end of the match.

Football is the most popular sport in the world, with over 265 million players worldwide. It is played in every country on the planet and is a major part of many cultures.

History of Football

The earliest forms of football can be traced back to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD in China. Similar games were also played in ancient Greece and Rome.

The modern game of football originated in England in the mid-19th century. The Football Association, the world's oldest football association, was founded in 1863. Football became an Olympic sport in 1900 and the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international championship for men's national teams, was first held in 1930.

Rules of Football

The rules of football are complex and can be found in the Laws of the Game, which are published by FIFA.

Some of the basic rules of football include:

* The game is played between two teams of 11 players each.

* The players must use their feet, heads, and torsos to control the ball.

* The goalkeeper is the only player who is allowed to use their hands inside the penalty area.

* The game is played in two halves of 45 minutes each, with a break in between.

* The winner of the game is the team that has scored more goals by the end of the match.

11. Ethics and Morality

Reading I

A. Replace the words or phrases in red in the sentences below with the correct words from the brackets. [abusing, lassies, scrambled, fancy, folly, rejoicing, chip]

a. The lassies were dressed in their best finery to go to the party.

b. Do you sometimes fancy of living in a luxurious house?

c. When Shila was chased by a dog she scrambled quickly onto the wall.

d. The young lassies rejoiced everyone with their performance.

e. It was his folly to leave the bike unlocked in the street.

f. Each one accused the other of cheating. Soon, they started abusing each other.

g. Could you please give me a chip of paper? I can't find the duster.

h. The farmers rejoiced when it rained after a long drought.

B. Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences.

a. The two little girls were dressed in new frocks probably because...

i. they were twins.

ii. they had to go to church.

iii. they went to the same school.

b. When Malasha was going to splash into the puddle........

i. Akoulya asked Malasha not to go into the puddle.

ii. Akoulya asked her Malasha to take off her shoes and stockings before going.

iii. Akoulya asked Malasha to go into the puddle alone.

c. While running home, the girls were caught........

i. Akoulya's mother

ii. Malasha's mother

iii. Akoulya's grandmother

d. Akoulya's grandmother...........

i. was able to calm down the crowd

ii. could not calm down the crowd

iii. chased away the crowd with stones

e. While the men were busy fighting, the two girls..........

i. joined the fight of the men

ii. played a game together

iii. started to fight with each other

f. At the end, the men.......

i. were guilty of their deed

ii. were pleased with their deed

iii. were proud of their deed

C. Answer these questions.

a. How were the girls dressed?

- The girls were dressed in new frocks. One girl wore a blue frock, and the other wore a yellow print frock. They both had red kerchiefs on their heads.

b. Where did the girls begin to play?

- The girls began to play in a lane between two homesteads where a large puddle had formed from the dirty water running through the farmyards.

c. Why did Akoulya get angry with Malasha?

- Akoulya got angry with Malasha because Malasha splashed water onto Akoulya's frock when they were walking towars each other through the puddle.

d. Why did the crowd gather in the street?

- The crowd gathered in the street because an argument and quarrel broke out between the girls' mothers, which escalated into an angry confrontation involving the men from the neighborhood.

e. How did Akoulya's grandmother try to calm down the crowd?

- Akoulya's grandmother tried to calm down the crowd by stepping in among them and speaking to them, appealing to their sense of reason and reminding them that it was a time for rejoicing and not for quarreling.

f. Why are the girls called wiser than men?

- The girls are called wiser than men because while the men were fighting and the women were arguing, the girls quickly resolved their own dispute, forgot about it, and started playing happily together, showing a greater ability to let go of anger and find joy.

g. What lesson do you learn from the story?

- The lesson we learn from the story is that children, with their innocence and simplicity, often possess greater wisdom than adults. They are quick to forgive, forget, and find joy, while adults tend to hold on to grudges and engage in unnecessary conflicts.

D. Remember a similar incident that happened during your childhood and share it in the class.

- When I was a kid, something funny happened in my neighborhood. It was a hot summer day, and we gathered by a pond to cool off. We found a big branch floating in the water and got an idea. We turned it into a game. We split into teams and used the branch as a bridge to cross the pond without falling in. Some of us made it, while others got wet and laughed about it. It didn't matter who won, because we were all having fun and cheering for each other.

Grammar

B. Transform the following sentences into negative.

a. My sister lives with my parents.

doesn't live

b. Maryam knows the answer well.

doesn't know

c. I want to leave now.

don't know

d. Anusha agrees with me.

doesn't agree

e. The boy killed the cockroach with his shoe.

didn't kill

f. His father recognized me at once.

didn't recognize

g. He apologized for his misconduct.

didn't apologize

h. He ate a few mangoes.

He didn't eat many manges. (few- not many) (little-not much)

i. We sold a little honey.

We din't sell much honey.

j. The rich are sometimes happy.

The rich are not alwyas happy.

k. Kanchan frequently visits me.

Kanchan rarely visits me.

I. Shailesh bought several books. Sailesh didn't buy a few books.

m. Garima let me use her toilet. didn't let

n. All of them can help her.

None of them can help her.

C. Complete the following sentences choosing the correct forms of verbs in brackets.

a. A number of soldiers.......... (was, were, are) injured in the war.

b. The number of deceased soldiers ......(were, is, are) not stored in the record book.

c. A pack of lions (was, were, is) approaching the camp.

d. His pants thematch. (was, were, is) torn during

f. The truthful trustworthy..(was, is, are) always

g. To cry (was, are, is) never the solution to any problems.

h. Here Einstein. (lie, lies, lying) the tomb of Albert Einstein.

i. Either she or her friends....... (was, is, are) responsible for this accident.

j. None (were, is, are) under the sun.

k. All that ...... (glitter/ glitters/glittering) is not gold.

I. Everything........(is, were, are) fine when it's done correcfly.

m. Either the sculpture or the paintings.......(was, were, are) in the museum today.

n. Each of the dancers brilliantly. (twirl, twirls, twirling)

o. Neither she nor I........(were, am, are) getting the lunch special.

Writing I

You might have read or heard some moral stories. Write your favourite one in your own words.

The Power of Kindness and Compassion

Once upon a time, in a small village, there lived a kind-hearted farmer named John. He was known for his generosity and willingness to help others. One day, while working in his fields, John discovered a small injured bird with a broken wing. He carefully picked it up and decided to take it home to nurse it back to health. He created a cozy nest for the bird and provided it with food and water every day. He patiently tended to its needs, hoping that one day it would fly again.

Weeks passed, and the bird's wing gradually healed. It regained its strength and was ready to take flight. Sensing its readiness, John gently released the bird from his hands, watching as it soared high into the sky. As the bird flew away, it circled back and landed on a nearby tree branch. It chirped happily, expressing gratitude to John for his kindness.

Overjoyed, John smiled and said, "Fly freely, my little friend. Remember, when you have the strength to soar, never forget the helping hand that lifted you up." The bird nodded, understanding the message. From that day forward, it visited John's farm regularly, bringing him joy with its beautiful songs.

The moral of the story is that kindness and compassion can have a lasting impact on others. Just as John's kindness helped the bird, our actions can uplift those in need and inspire them to spread their own wings of kindness in the world.

World Record

Reading II

B. Write True for true and False for false statements.

a. Two people are going to cast their performance to break the world record today.

- True

b. Michael is one of the contestants.

- False

c. Michael also tried dipping his foot on the bucket.

- False

d. Albert broke the world record for standing on a bucket of hot soup.

- False

e. The word 'sizzling' is similar in meaning to "scorching".

- True

f. The program is a comedy show.

- True

C. Answer these questions.

a. Who is Mabel Phillips?

- Mabel Phillips who attempts to break a world record is one of the contestants in the TV studio.

b. What is she trying to do?

- Mabel Phillips is leaning on a brush.

c. How do they maintain the heat of the soup?

- Albert's wife, Mrs. Hargreaves, periodically brings more boiling soup and pours it into the bucket to keep it hot.

d. How far was Albert from breaking the record?

- Albert was only one minute away from breaking the world record.

e. How did the man lose his trousers?

-The man lost his trousers as somebody had taken them away when he took them off to have a bath.

f. Why do you think Mabel pushed Albert?

-I think she did so to generate laughter from the audience and add a comical twist to the situation.

Grammar II

Transformation of Sentences

Negative to Affirmative

A. Change the following sentences into affirmative.

a. Dev Narayan does not perform well.

- Dev Naryan performs well.

b. The dog did not bite Fatima.

- The dog bit Fatima.

c. A room in the flat did not need painting.

- A room in the flat needed painting.

d. All the students did not have to sit in the re-examination.

- All the students had to sit in the re-examination.

e. He never drinks wine.

- He always drinks wine.

f. Don't pour much water in the curry.

- Pour a little water in the curry.

g. Nobody came to me.

- Somebody came to me.

h. There is not any one in the locality living in luxury.

-There is someone in the locality living in luxury.

i. He does not have a bath every day.

- He has a bath every day.

j. Neither the boy nor the man goes to school.

Either the boy or the man goes to school.

k. She does not have anything in her bag.

- She has something in her bag.

I. He does not work with us.

- He works with us.

B. Rewrite the following letter correcting the errors in subject-verb agreement.

Dear Hiring Manager,

I feel that I am the ideal candidate for the position of Communication Manager in your company. I have three years of experience as a receptionist in a company that is similar to yours. My phone skills and written communication are excellent. These skills, and others that I have learned on the job, helps me understand that every person in a company help make the business a success. At my current job, the team always say that I am very helpful. Everyone appreciates when I go the extra mile to get the job done right. My current employer and co-workers feels that I am an asset to the team. I along with my colleagues are efficient and organized. Is there any other details about me that you would like to know? If so, please contact me. Here are my resume. You can reach me by email or phone. I looks forward to speaking with you in person.

Sincerely Yours

B. Write a similar message of condolence using the given outlines.

Jayananda Lama (1956-2022)....... passed away at his residence, Kaushaltar Bhaktapur senior folk singer and actor incredible loss for the Nepall art sector........... Kalakate Kainvo, Herda Ramro..... Chuin Chuin Chuilkane Joota, Mulako Ghana his super hit folk songs..........acted in more than a hundred movies....... heartfelt condolences

HEARTFELT CONDOLENCES

Late Jayananda Lama

(1956-2022)

We are deeply saddened to share the sudden passing away of Jayananda Lama, a revered figure in the Nepali art sector. His artistic journey encompassed both senior folk singing and acting, making his mark in multiple realms of creative expression. His residence in Kaushaltar Bhaktapur served as a backdrop to his illustrious career, which sadly

came to an end in 2022.

Lama's musical skill vibrated through hits like "Kalakate Kainvo," Herda Ramro," "Chuin Chuin Chuilkane Joota," and "Mulako Ghana," all of which won the hearts of countless

listeners. His voice carried the essence of Nepali folk traditions, bridging generations and introducing cultural pride.

Beyond his musical contributions, Jayananda Lama's talent extended to the silver screen. His on-screen personality and dedication to his craft made him famous among

Nepalese around the world.

We are with the whole nation in mourning. We extend our heartfelt condolences to the entire bereaved family members at his colossal loss. May God gives them strength to

bear the pain. Suletus pray for the eternal peace of the departed soul.

C. Imagine you and your friend. Purna were working in a factory. Unfortunately he broke his hand while working with a machine. Write a letter of sympathy using the clues given below.

Purna - 28 years old - working together for 3 years - regular and dutiful -a sort of mechanical failure - gets hand broken on 20th Oct 2022 in hospital under treatment - wish speedy recovery.

Biratnagar - 14, Morang

15th August, 2023

Dear Purna,

I trust this letter finds you well. I wanted to reach out to express my concern and send my best wishes to you. I've had the pleasure of working alongside for the past three years with you.

I was deeply saddened to hear about the unfortunate incident that took place on 20th October 2022, resulting in your hand being broken. It's sad to hear about such unexpected challenges, especially for someone as regular and dutiful as you. The incident is a reminder that even the most diligent and dedicated individuals can sometimes face unforeseen setbacks, often due to circumstances beyond their conftiol.

I can only imagine the discomfort and inconvenience you must be experiencing while undergoing treatment at the hospital. Please accept my heartfelt well wishes and positive thoughts for your swift and complete recovery. I eagerly look forward to your return to good health and return to our work environment.

If there is anything I can do to offer support during your challenging time, please do not hesitate to let me know. Please keep me updated on your progress, and I hope to hear positive news soon.

Wishing your a speedy recovery and looking forward to your return.

Sincerely yours,

Sahin

12. Nature and Development

Reading I

B. Complete the following sentences choosing the best alternatives.

a. The total length in KTFT from Khokana to Nijgadh is 72.5 km.

b. Nepal can reduce the consumption of petroleum products after completing KTFT as it shortens travel time.

c. The main challenge of the project upon completion is establishing link roads.

d. According to the writer, the success of completing the project depends on socio-economic benefits.

C. Answer these questions.

a. What type of project is Kathmandu- Terai/Madhesh Fast Track?

Answer: Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track is a mega highway project of strategic importance in Nepal.

b. How is KTFT going to reduce the consumption of petrol in Nepal?

Answer: KTFT is going to reduce the consumption of petrol in Nepal by shortening travel time, which leads to daily fuel savings.

c. Will this project help promote tourism in Nepal? How?

Answer: Yes, this project will help promote tourism in Nepal. The enhanced connectivity provided by KTFT opens upoptions for tourists entering Nepal through the southern border. Additionally, tourists from beyond India will also have the option to travel to Nepal via the fast track.

d. How does this project contribute to the development of high-skill human resources in Nepal?

Answer: The project contributes to the development of high-skill human resources in Nepal by introducing new technologies and structures like high bridges and twin tunnels. The people involved in KTFT will have the opportunity to learn and sharpen their knowledge and skills in these areas.

e. How does the project help the people living in the Eastern Terai?

Answer: The project helps the people living in the Eastern Terai by providing better accessibility and connectivity to Kathmandu. It allows for shorter travel distances at higher speeds, facilitating access to health, education, jobs, new markets, and the Nijgadh International Airport, which is currently under construction.

D. How is KTFT likely to affect the environment?

Answer: The construction and operation of the Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track (KTFT) project are likely to have both positive and negative effects on the environment. Here are some potential environmental Impacts:

1. Deforestation: During the construction phase, clearing land for the project can result in deforestation. This removal of trees and vegetation can lead to habitat loss, soil erosion, and disruption of ecosystems.

2. Air Pollution: Construction activities, such as rock blasting, quarrying, and dumping of filling particles, can generate dust and particulate matter,

contributing to air pollution. The accumulation of air pollutants can have adverse effects on air quality and human health.

3. Noise Pollution: The construction and operation of the fast track may generate significant noise, particularly in nearby residential areas. This can have negative impacts on wildlife, livestock, and human well-being.

4. Wildlife Disruption: The fast track's construction can fragment natural habitats, disrupt wildlife corridors, and limit animal movement. This can lead to changes in wildlife behaviour, loss of biodiversity, and potential negative consequences for local ecosystems.

5. Water Pollution: Improper waste management during construction, including the disposal of construction materials and chemicals, can result in water

pollution. Runoff from the project site may carry sediments, pollutants, and debris into nearby water bodies, affecting water quality and aquatic life.

It is important to note that environmental impacts can be mitigated through proper planning, implementation of environmental management plans, and adherence to regulations and best practices. Environmental assessments, monitoring programs, and mitigation measures should be employed to minimise the negative effects of KTFT on the environment.

Grammar l

A. Match the sentence halves in A with B to form sentences.

a. Hurry up! We're leaving in ten minutes.

b. They'll be watching a movie in a theatre.

c. We will have arrived home by this time Sunday.

d. It's definite. My friends and I are going to travel next winter.

e. I think he will be rich and famous one day.

B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb; in brackets. Use the future simple, be going to, future perfect or future continuous. ng Nepal

a. As per the schedule, the exam will start at exactly 11 o'clock.

b. See you at the airport! I will be carrying an orange suitcase.

c. Don't worry! I won't leave without you.

d. We certainly will not finish all the work by this week.

e. Sagun has decided that he will invite some of her friends for dinner after work.

f. Did the receptionist remember to call the students this afternoon?

g. What will you be doing on the weekend?

h. I will not work tomorrow so we can go shopping.

i. If you touch the stove, you will burn yourself.

j. Next week at this time we will be flying to Dubai for a trip.

Writing I

There may be different development works ongoing in your community. Study one of them and write a report on it. Take the text in Reading I as a sample..

Title: Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track: A Project of National Pride

Introduction: The Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track (KTFT) is a mega highway project of strategic importance in Nepal. It is an infrastructure project that aims to enhance connectivity and accelerate economic growth in the country. In this report, we will explore the details of the project, its potential benefits, and the challenges it faces.

Project Overview: The KTFT is a 72.5 km long fast track that will connect Khokana, Lalitpur with Nijgadh, Bara at the East-West highway junction. The project consists of a road with a total length of 55.49 km, 87 bridges with a total length of 10.60 km, and three twin tunnels with a total length of 6.41 km. The construction of the fast track is expected to reduce the travel time between Kathmandu and Terai to approximately one hour.

Potential Benefits:

1. Accelerating the country's economic growth: The KTFT will contribute to connecting Kathmandu and Terai more closely. The reduced travel distance will result in daily fuel savings, potentially exceeding NRs. five billion. This enhanced connectivity will have positive implications for the economic growth of Nepal. Leaning Nenal

2. Development of high skill human resources: The construction of KTFT involves complex structures like high bridges and twin tunnels. The project will introduce new technologies to Nepal, providing an opportunity for Nepali people to enhance their knowledge and skills in these areas.

3. Employment opportunities: The project will create job opportunities for the young population of the country. These new job opportunities will contribute to improving the economic conditions of families.

4. Kathmandu-Terai accessibility: KTFT will provide a shorter travel distance and higher speed connectivity between Kathmandu and Nijgadh. This accessibility will benefit the people of Terai in various aspects such as health, education, jobs, and new markets. It will also facilitate the Nijgadh International Airport, connecting it efficiently to the capital.

5. Reduction in the high density of the Kathmandu Valley: With the operation of KTFT, the distance from Kathmandu to Terai will be limited to an hour. This will allow people from faraway places to access the facilities of Kathmandu without the need to settle there, reducing the congestion and density of the Kathmandu Valley.

Challenges:

1. Road-user behaviour and traffic safety: The introduction of a more advanced infrastructure like KTFT can pose challenges in terms of road-user behaviour and traffic safety. The higher design speed of the fast track can increase the risk of road accidents.

2. Establishment of link roads: After the completion of KTFT, ensuring smooth connectivity with neighbouring highways and cities through link roads will be crucial. Without well-established supporting link roads, the effectiveness of KTFT may be compromised.

3. Environmental impact: The construction of a large infrastructure project like KTFT can have adverse effects on the environment. These may include air pollution from dust particles during rock blasting, quarrying, and filling activities. Deforestation during the construction phase can also contribute to environmental degradation.

Conclusion: The Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track is a project of national pride in Nepal. It holds the potential to accelerate the country's economic growth, create employment opportunities, and improve accessibility between Kathmandu and Terai. However, it also faces challenges related to road safety, establishment of link roads, and environmental impact. With proper planning, implementation, and mitigation measures, KTFT has the potential to bring significant benefits to Nepal and its people.

Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802

Reading II

SUMMARY

"Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802" is a sonnet by William Wordsworth that captures the poet's awe-inspiring experience as he crosses Westminster Bridge in London. The poem describes the tranquillity and beauty of the cityscape during the early morning hours. Wordsworth marvels at the sight of London's architectural marvels, the flowing River Thames, and the surrounding natural landscape. Despite the bustling city and its urban activities, the poet finds a moment of stillness and profound appreciation for the harmony between nature and human creation. The poem celebrates the power of nature to evoke powerful emotions and highlights Wordsworth's ability to find beauty in the ordinary aspects of life.

A. Consult a dictionary and write the meanings of the following words.

a. doth: an archaic form of the verb "do," used in the third person singular present tense, indicating an action or state performed by someone or something.

b. majesty: grandeur, dignity, or impressive beauty that commands respect or admiration; the quality or state of being majestic.

c. domes: rounded, usually roof-like structures that often form a part of a building or monument, typically with a circular or polygonal base and a curved or pointed top.

d. glittering: shining or sparkling brightly with reflected light; having a brilliant or captivating appearance.

e. splendour: great beauty, elegance, or magnificence; impressive and visually stunning features or qualities.

f. glideth: an archaic form of the verb "glide," used in the third person singular present tense, indicating a smooth, effortless, or graceful movement.

g. mighty: possessing great power, strength, or influence; exceptionally large, impressive, or formidable.

B. Complete the summary of the poem choosing the correct words/phrases.

Answer: A speaker shares his impressions of the view from Westminster Bridge in the poem 'Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802" by William Wordsworth. The speaker finds the city of London with the countryside in the Earth, creating the most beautiful scene. According to him, anyone who does not stop at the Westminster Bridge to see the scene that morning should be dull. The city wins the heart of the speaker as it is wearing straightforward magnificence.

It is early morning when the speaker describes the majesty of the city. The various landmarks visible from the bridge stand before him in all their glittering splendour in the morning light. The speaker finds himself lucky as there is no "London fog" to hide the view. According to the speaker, the sun is shining on the buildings as it shines on the countryside. He is also surprised to feel more peace in the bustling city of London than anywhere else. The River Thames moves slowly beneath him. He also thinks that the city is happily asleep before another busy day.

C. Answer these questions.

a. When was the poem composed?

Answer: The poem "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802" was composed on September 3, 1802.

b. According to the speaker, who is dull of soul?

Answer: According to the speaker, anyone who does not stop at Westminster Bridge to see the scene that morning is dull of soul.

c. How does the poet describe the beauty of morning?

Answer: The poet describes the beauty of morning as having a majestic and serene quality. He lhighlights the stillness and peacefulness of the city in the early morning light.

d. What does the word 'garment' refer to? Who is wearing it?

Answer: The word 'garment' refers to the clothing or attire of the city of London. The poet describes the city as wearing the garment of straightforward magnificence.

e. How does the poet feel when he sees such a beautiful sight?

Answer: When the poet sees such a beautiful sight, he feels a sense of awe and wonder. He is deeply moved by the scene and feels a connection to the beauty of nature and the city.

f. Why does the poet use the words like: valley, rock and hill?

Answer: The poet uses words like "valley," "rock," and "hill" to create a contrast between the natural landscape and the urban environment. By employing these nature-related terms, the poet emphasizes the beauty of London's cityscape and portrays it as harmoniously blending with the surrounding natural elements.

g. What impression of London does the speaker create? How does he do that?

Answer: The speaker creates an impression of London as a magnificent and awe-inspiring city. He portrays it as a place of grandeur and beauty, highlighting its architectural landmarks and the peacefulness of the morning scene. The speaker achieves this by using vivid imagery, describing the glittering buildings, the calm river, and the radiant sunlight that bathes the city.

h. What is the main theme of the poem?

Answer: The main theme of the poem is the sublime beauty and peacefulness of nature and the city. The poet expresses his profound appreciation for the captivating scene he witnesses on Westminster Bridge. The poem celebrates the harmony between urban life and the natural world, highlighting the transformative power of beauty and the profound effect it can have on the human spirit.

D. Does your city or village look similar to London early in the morning? Tell your friends.

Answer:

Subject: The Serene Beauty of Our City in the Early Morning

Dear Friends,

I hope this message finds you well. Today, I wanted to share with you the enchanting sight that I witnessed in our city during the early morning hours. As I was strolling through our streets, I couldn't help but notice the resemblance to the peaceful and breathtaking scene described in William Wordsworth's poem "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802."

tain charm Our city, like London, possesses a certain charm and tranquillity during the early hours of the day. The gentle rays of the rising sun cast a golden glow upon the buildings, and the streets seem to be calmly awakening from their slumber. The air is fresh, and a sense of serenity envelopes the surroundings.

While we may not have the grand architectural wonders of London, our cityscape has its own unique appeal. The soft hues of the buildings blend harmoniously with the natural elements around us. The nearby river mirrors the radiant sky above, creating a picturesque reflection that soothes the soul.

I encourage each of you to take a moment in the early morning to appreciate the beauty that surrounds us. Whether it's a quiet walk through the streets, a peaceful moment by

the riverbank, or simply gazing at the gentle hills and valleys in the distance, there is a certain magic to be found in the stillness of the early hours.

Let us embrace and celebrate the beauty of our city, just as Wordsworth celebrated the beauty of London. Share your experiences and impressions with one another, and perhaps we can discover hidden gems and unique perspectives that make our city even more special.

Wishing you all peaceful mornings filled with sights and a deep connection to the beauty of our surroundings, awe-inspiring Warm regards,

[Your Name]

Grammar II

A. Choose the correct answers and complete the text.

Answer: My uncle's family usually comes to stay with us for Dashain, but this Dashain we are going to visit them instead. They live in a village in Kalikot. I can hardly wait. I will have a fantastic time there. School holidays will start on Friday, and we are going to leave the following morning. At this time next week, I will be trekking to Rara Lake with my cousin, Sunil. He's an experienced trekker, and I will be practicing rock climbing with him every day. On the last day of our visit, Sunil's dad is going to take us to visit Manma, the district headquarters. I hope by then I will have explored a lot about the life of people in Karnali. I will have got a lot of experience of trekking by the time we get back to Kathmandu after Dashain.

B. Complete each sentence using the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the future simple, be going to. future continuous, future perfect tenses or future perfect continuous tenses.

a. Tennis practice starts at 10, and we plan to play for two hours. By 12 o'clock, we will have finished.

b. The phone is ringing! I will answer the phone.

c. Do you want to come to the disco with us? Are you coming?

d. Look at those clouds. It is going to rain.

e. Let's hurry up. The children are alone at home. By the time we reach home, the children will have been staying alone at home for two hours.

Writing II

B. Imagine you are the secretary of the Child Club of your school. Write a notice on behalf of your Child Club about a program that you are going to organize soon.

[Date]

Subject: Child Club Programme Announcement Dear Students,

We are pleased to inform you that the Child Club of our school is organising a special programme for all students. This programme aims to provide an opportunity for students to showcase their talents and engage se their in various fun-filled activities.

Event: Talent Show and Fun Activities

Date: [Date of the Event]

Time: [Start Time] - [End Time]

Venue: [Location/ Auditorium]

The programme will consist of a Talent Show where students can demonstrate their skills in singing, dancing, acting, poetry recitation, or any other talent they possess. This is a wonderful platform to exhibit your abilities and receive appreciation from fellow students and teachers.

Additionally, we have arranged various fun activities, including games, art and craft workshops, face painting, and much more. It will be an exciting day filled with laughter and enjoyment. We look forward to your enthusiastic participation and making this event a grand success. Let's come together as a vibrant community and celebrate the talents and creativity of our fellow students. For any queries or further information, please feel free to contact ase feel free

[Contact Person/Details].

Best Regards,

Thank you.

[Your Namel

Secretary, Child Club

13. Population & Migration

Reading I

A. Match the following words with their correct meanings.

a. populous - v. having a large population: densely populated

b. mortality - vii. the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time

c. projection - iii. an estimation of what figures will be in the future

d. demographic - ii. relating to the population and different groups within it

e. peak ix. to reach the highest point or value

f. stabilization - iv. the process of making somebody/something unlikely to change

g. trajectory - i. a path followed by something

h. surpass - vi. to be greater than something; exceed

i. disparate - viii. completely dissimilar

B. Complete the following sentences with the correct information from the text.

a. The highest population growth rate in the past hundred years was 2.1 percent.

b. Population growth rate is likely to reach below 1 percent by mid-twenty-first century.

c. The factors that determine the growth rate of the world population are fertility and mortality.

d. In the early 2020s, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia had the largest population.

e. The population of the sub-Saharan region is likely to reach above 2 billion by the end of the 2040s.

f. The low level of fertility will cause a fall in population size of Europe and Northern America by the late 2030s.

g. India is likely to exceed the population of China by 2023.

C. Answer these questions.

a. What was the size of the world population in the mid-twentieth century?

Answer: The size of the world population in the mid-twentieth century was 5 billion.

b. What was the fastest population growth rate in the past century?

Answer: The fastest population growth rate in the past century was around 2.1 percent per year.

c. Why has the population growth rate declined in recent years?

Answer: The population growth rate has declined in recent years primarily due to reduced levels of fertility.

d. What is the predicted world population size by 2050?

Answer: The predicted world population size by 2050 is 9.7 billion.

e. How do fertility and mortality contribute to the size of the population?

Answer: Fertility and mortality are the two most important factors that contribute to the size of a population. Fertility refers to the number of births that occur within a population, while mortality refers to the number of deaths. When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, the population will grow in size, and when the death rate is higher than the birth rate, the population will decrease in size. Therefore, fertility and mortality rates are crucial in determining the growth or decline of a population.

f. Which countries contribute to the largest population in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia?

Answer: China and India contribute to the largest population in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, with each having more than 1.4 billion people in 2022.

g. Why will population regions have a different population variation in the next 30 years?

Answer: Population regions will have different population variations in the next 30 years due to factors such as varying fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and government policies related to population control.

h. Which countries are most likely to contribute to the growth of world population by 2050?

Answer: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United Republic of Tanzania are most likely to to contribute to the growth of world population by 2050.

D. Do you think the world population will increase as projected in the text? Discuss.

Answer: The world population projection is subject to uncertainty and can be influenced by various factors. While it is estimated to double by 2050, actual population growth may deviate from these projections due to changing conditions and factors such as fertility rates, healthcare advancements, and societal norms.

Grammar

A. Match the sentence halves and make meaningful sentences.

a. We continued the match - iv. though it was raining heavily.

b. Dolma was selected for the post - vii. even though she had no prior experience for the job.

c. Christina attended the class - viii. despite teh fact that she was not feeling well.

d. I often leave home quite early - i. however, I always reach my office on time.

e. Chintamani never participates in social functions - despite looking very sociable.

f. It was snowing heavily ii. yet it was not too cold.

g. He did not give up smoking ix. in spite of the warnings of the doctor.

h. I have never been to Bandipur - iv. though it is not far from my home.

i. We were lost in the town - although we had the map of the town with us.

Writing I

Study the graph and chart below and write an interpretation of each of them.

a. Nepali Student Migration

The given bar graph represents the migration of Nepali students over a ten-year period, from 2009/2010 to 2018/2019.

In the academic year 2009/2010, there were 26,948 Nepali students who migrated for educational purposes. The following year, in 2010/2011, the number dropped significantly

to 11,912. However, the number of Nepali student migrants gradually increased in the subsequent years.

From 2011/2012 to 2012/2013, there was a slight decrease in migration, with 10,258 and 16,499 students respectively. However, in 2013/2014, there was a notable increase to 28,126 students. This upward trend continued in the next academic years, with 30,696 students in 2014/2015 and 37,037 students in 2015/2016.

The highest increase in student migration occurred from 2015/2016 to 2016/2017, where the number jumped to 50,659 students. This spike indicates a significant rise in the number of Nepali students seeking educational opportunities abroad. The trend continued to rise in the following years, reaching 58,758 students in 2017/2018 and 63,259 students in 2018/2019.

Overall, the diagram suggests that more Nepali students are choosing to study abroad, indicating a growing interest in international education and the pursuit of opportunities beyond their home country.

b. Distribution of Population of Kathmandu Metropolitan in Terms of Languages (Based on the population census of 2011.

The pie chart represents the distribution of the population of Kathmandu Metropolitan in terms of different languages, based on the population census of 2011. It provides valuable insights into the linguistic diversity of the region.

Nepali emerges as the most widelv spoken language. with a significant population of 597.570 speakers. This indicates the dominant position of Nepali within Kathmandu

Metropolitan. Newari follows as the second most commonly spoken language, with 185,330 speakers, showcasing its importance in the region.

Tamang and Maithili also have notable speaker populations, with 54,109 and 27,521 respectively, further highlighting the linguistic diversity. Additionally, Hindi and Bhojpuri have substantial populations of 17,608 and 15,621 speakers respectively, likely due to cultural and historical connections between Nepal and India. The data indicates that 44,239 people in Kathmandu Metropolitan speak languages categorized as "Others."

Overall, the chart suggests that while Nepali is the dominant language, there is a rich linguistic diversity within the population of Kathmandu Metropolitan. The presence of various languages reflects the cultural and ethnic diversity of the region.

Discovering Migration: What Birds Reveal

Reading II

B. Complete sentences (a-f) with their correct endings (i-vii).

Answer

a. In the past, people had the misconception that birds hid underground or changed into some other birds.

b. To supply themselves with energy, some birds stop to feed themselves with grains.

c. When the weather is favorable in spring, birds fly back to their habitats.

d. As a sign of partial migration, some birds choose to fly during the night.

e. To wait for a favorable weather, birds fly in large groups.

f. For better flying conditions, birds fly rapidly like the marathon players.

C. Answer these questions.

a. What is incredible about the migration of birds?

Answer: The incredible thing about the migration of birds is their ability to travel long distances, often across continents, to reach their breeding or wintering grounds.

b. What things do birds consider while flying to their destinations?

Answer: Birds consider factors like weather conditions, availability of food and water, and the presence of predators while flying to their destinations.

c. Which animals other than the birds migrate to new places?

Answer: Other animals that migrate to new places include certain species of fish, mammals (such as whales and caribou), and insects (such as monarch butterflies).

d. What do scoters dive underwater for?

Answer: Scoters dive underwater to search for and feed on their primary food source, which includes small fish, mollusks, and crustaceans.

e. Which birds travel up and down instead of going north to south?

Answer: Some birds, such as altitudinal migrants, travel up and down mountains or between different elevations instead of following a strictly north to south migration pattern.

f. What is partial migration of birds?

Answer: Partial migration refers to a situation where only a portion of a bird population migrates, while the rest of the population remains in their breeding or wintering grounds throughout the year.

g. Why can sea terns not stay long in water?

Answer: Sea terns cannot stay long in water because their bodies are not adapted for prolonged underwater activities. They are primarily aerial birds and depend on flying for hunting, feeding, and other activities. Their feathers are not fully waterproof, which limits their ability to stay in water for extended periods.

h. How do birds feed themselves during their journeys?

Answer: Birds feed themselves during their journeys by making frequent stops along their migration route to find food sources such as insects, seeds, fruits, and other small organisms. They.may also rely on stored fat reserves that they accumulated prior to migration to sustain them during long flights between feeding locations.

i. What are the signs of birds flying in the night sky?

Answer: The signs of birds flying in the night sky include the formation of large flocks or V-shaped patterns as they migrate, the calls and sounds they make during flight, and their silhouettes against the moon or stars. Some birds, particularly nocturnal migrants, may also emit distinctive flight calls that can be heard during the night.

D. You might have seen or heard of animals migrating to new places. What could be the reasons for animals to migrate? Discuss.

Grammar II

A. Complete the sentences below with the correct alternatives from the brackets.

a. Even though we have different ideologies, we have similar ideologies), we are intimate friends.

b. Despite our hard efforts, we could not establish a hospital in the village.

c. Even though the film was very popular, it was a commercial failure.

d. I enjoyed all the luxuries of life despite the fact that I grew up in a remote village.

e. I watched a late night movie. However, I didn't feel sleepy in the morning class.

f. Even though scientists have made lots of research there is no evidence of life on mars.

g. Even though my efforts, I can't ever score excellent marks in the exam.

h. My room was burgled yet I had locked it securely before going out.

i. I called Siddhartha several times but he did not respond.

j. Even though we had not invited them they did not come to the party.

B. Join the following pairs of sentences with the connectives given in the brackets.

a. I was really exhausted,. Although I could not sleep well.

b. She did not meet the requirements; In spite of that, She was shortlisted for the job.

c. Even though the pay was quite low, I decided to work for the company.

d. We lost the match, yet we had prepared for the match really well.

e. Despite having badly injured her hand, Dipisha completed her assignment.

f. However, Kripa exercises every day, she is gaining weight.

g. Barcelona won the match; nevertheless, they were limited to ten players.

h. While I love to watch cricket on TV, my brother loves to watch football.

i. In spite of not having gone to bed until midnight, he woke up early in the morning.

j. Although he had not played well, he was selected for the school team.

Writing II

Write an essay on 'The Impacts of Migration'

Migration has profound and far-reaching impacts on individuals, communities, and nations. This phenomenon has been a constant throughout human history, driven by various factors such as economic opportunities, political instability, and environmental changes. While the effects of migration are multifaceted, they can be broadly categorized into social, economic, and cultural dimensions.

Firstly, migration significantly influences the social fabric of both sending and receiving countries. In sending countries, the departure of individuals can lead to a loss of human capital, particularly if skilled workers leave in search of better opportunities abroad. This brain drain can hinder development efforts. Conversely, in receiving countries, migration can contribute to demographic changes and cultural diversity, enriching societies but also presenting integration challenges.

Economically, migration can have positive and negative impacts. Migrants often fill labor gaps in receiving countries, contributing to economic growth. However, if not properly managed, they may also strain social services and infrastructure. Remittances sent by migrants to their home countries can be a vital source of income, helping to alleviate poverty and support development.

Culturally, migration fosters cultural exchange and diversity. It brings together people from different backgrounds, promoting tolerance and understanding. However, it can also

lead to cultural tensions and conflicts if not managed inclusively.

In conclusion, migration is a complex phenomenon with wide-ranging consequences. Its impacts depend on various factors, including the scale, nature, and management of migration. To maximize the benefits and minimize the challenges, policymakers must adopt comprehensive and inclusive approaches to address the social, economic, and cultural dimensions of migration.

14. Travel and Adventure

Reading I

A. Complete the sentences below with the correct words from the text.

a. The village nestled comfortably among the hills.

b. The garden was a riot of color.

c. Sophie liked cooking, gardening, and painting concurrently.

d. Prita screamed loudly when she saw the ...... spider on her foot.

e. This is our invaluable opportunity to study in such a resourceful school.

f. He showed no semblance of regret for his crime.

g. We have been the victim of a computer virus recently.

h. We were never subjugated by any foreign country.

B. Read the text again and find where a traveller can do their following things. Then put a tick mark (O) in the correct table.

They can enjoy a collection of different colors on the street walls. - ✓

Hang out with local people even at night. - ✓

Meet sadhus and take photographs with them. - ✓

Walk up to the hill and view the Himalayan ranges. - ✓

Watch the sunrise. - ✓

C. Answer these questions.

a. Mention the three things that amazed the writer in Kathmandu.

Answer: The three things that amazed the writer in Kathmandu were the massive size of the city nestled in a green valley surrounded by enormous mountains, the red-brick houses and smiling faces of the people, and the vibrant street art depicting symbols, people, animals, and creative images.

b. What indicates that street art is s rising rising in in Kathmandu Kathmandu?

Answer: The indication that street art is rising in Kathmandu is mentioned in the text, stating that local and international artists are setting up projects in Nepal to send out messages of man-made beauty through street art.

c. Name the two World Heritage Monuments located in Kathmandu.

Answer: The two World Heritage Monuments located in Kathmandu are the Durbar Squares and Patan Durbar Square.

d. How do the Nepalis perceive death, according to the writer?

Answer: According to the writer, the Nepalis perceive death as an everyday experience. The writer mentions visiting Pashupatinath Temple, where people bring the dead for outdoor cremation on the Bagmati River, and how the atmosphere felt calm rather than grisly.

e. What two special things does the writer mention about the Pashupatinath Temple?

Answer: The two special things mentioned about the Pashupatinath Temple are that families hold memorial ceremonies for the deceased, such as making unique offerings and shaving the male relatives' hair, and that genuine sadhus dressed in colourful yellow and orange robes with ashes and long hair and beard can be encountered there.

f. What does Chitwan National Park offer to its visitors?

Answer: Chitwan National Park offers visitors a chance to explore the wild jungle and get close to wildlife, including single-horned rhinos, deer, wild boars, monkeys, and various beautiful birds. It also provides activities such as Jeep safari, canoeing, jungle walk, and cycling around the village.

g. Whom does the writer recommend to visit Chitwan?

Answer: The writer recommends physically active travellers to visit Chitwan National Park.

h. Write any two things that visitors can do in Pokhara.

Answer: Two things that visitors can do in Pokhara are enjoying the clear view of the snow-capped mountains of the Annapurna range from lakeside hotels and participating in paragliding, which the writer describes as the world's best paragliding venue.

1. What is Sarangkot known for?

Answer: Sarangkot is known for being the best place to watch the breathtaking sunrise across the Annapurna Himalaya.

j. How did the writer feel when he was leaving Nepal?

Answer: The writer felt reluctant to leave Nepal when the departure was due and expressed a desire to revisit in a heartbeat, implying a strong emotional attachment and a positive impression of the country.

D. If you were given the a_pE Druity to visit one of the places mentioned in the text, which one would it be? Give reasons for your choice.

Answer: If given the opportunity to visit one of the places mentioned in the text, I would choose Pokhara. The reason for my choice is the breathtaking natural beauty and the range of adventure choices offered in Pokhara.

Firstly, the description of Pokhara in the text paints a picture of a serene and laid-back atmosphere. The clean streets, snow-capped mountains, and the majestic Phewa Lake create a tranquil and picturesque setting. The opportunity to wake up to a view of the Annapurna range from a lakeside hotel sounds truly captivating.

Secondly, Pokhara offers a wide range of adventure activities, with paragliding being highlighted as one of the world's best venues for this thrilling experience. The chance to soar through the sky alongside birds and take in the spectacular scenery is something that would create unforgettable memories. Additionally, the mention of Sarangkot as the best place to watch the sunrise across the Annapurna Himalaya adds to the allure of Pokhara. Witnessing the mountains painted with hues of purple, pink, and gold as the sun slowly emerges would be a mesmerising and awe-inspiring sight.

Overall, Pokhara combines the elements of natural beauty, tranquility, and adventure, making it an enticing destination for exploration and relaxation.

Grammar I

A. Match the sentences in column A with their question tags in column B.

a. They don't need to come this evening, do they?

b. James is working on that, isn't he?

c. Punam's parents have been retired, haven't they?

d. It was raining that day, wasn't it?

e. You hadn't met me before, had you?

f. He never came again, did he?

g. She can rarely come these days, can she?

h. You hardly ever came late, did you?

i. I barely know you, do I?

j. You would scarcely expect her to know that, would you?

k. Nothing will happen, will it?

I. I'm right, aren't I?

m. You have to go, don't you?

n. I have been answering, haven't I?

o. Nothing came in the post, did it?

B. Supply the correct question tags.

a. This'll work, won't it?

b. Well, I couldn't help it, could I?

c. But you don't really love her, do you?

d. We'd never have known, would we?

e. The weather's bad, isn't it?

f. You won't be late, will you?

g. Nobody knows, do they?

h. You have a bath daily, don't you?

i. You couldn't help me, could you?

j. Shut up, will you?

k. She's been working hard the whole day, hasn't she?

I. He's admitted to Patan Hospital last night, hasn't he?

m. You can make it, can't you?

n. Don't forget, will you?

o. Let's have some fun, shall we?

p. Let us chat, shall we?

q. Your phone didn't break down, did it?

Writing I

Write a short travelogue featuring a place that you have recently visited. Use the clues given below.

Exploring the Enchanting City of Barcelona Introduction:

Recently, I had the opportunity to visit the captivating city of Barcelona, a place known for its rich history, vibrant culture, and architectural marvels. It was a meticulously planned trip that allowed me to immerse myself in the beauty and charm of this remarkable destination. Accompanied by my close friends, we embarked on this journey with a sense of adventure and curiosity, eager to explore all that Barcelona had to offer.

Planning the Trip:

Months in advance, we meticulously planned our itinerary, researching the must-visit landmarks, popular attractions, and local experiences. We gathered information about the famous works of Antoni Gaudí, such as the breathtaking Sagrada Familia and Park Güell, and made sure to include them in our plans. We also discovered hidden gems like the Gothic Quarter and the vibrant La Boqueria market, where we could truly immerse ourselves in the local culture and cuisine.

Travel Companions:

I was fortunate to travel with a group of close friends who shared my passion for exploration and adventure. Together, we formed an enthusiastic and dynamic team, supporting each other throughout the journey. Our collective excitement and shared experiences made the trip even more memorable.

Special Purpose:

While our primary purpose was to indulge in the beauty and culture of Barcelona, we also wanted to delve deeper into the city's history and art. We made it a point to visit renowned museums like the Picasso Museum and the Joan Miró Foundation, where we gained valuable insights into the artistic heritage of the region. Memorable Activities and Experiences:

Barcelona offered us a myriad of unforgettable activities and experiences. We marveled at the intricate architecture of the iconic Sagrada Familia, standing in awe of its grandeur and unique design. Exploring the narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter, we were transported back in time, surrounded by medieval buildings and charming squares. The mesmerizing light and sound show at the Magic Fountain of Montjuïc left us captivated, showcasing the city's artistic spirit. Another highlight of our trip was indulging in the local cuisine. We savored traditional tapas, paella, and freshly prepared seafood dishes at local restaurants. The lively atmosphere of the city's dining establishments added an extra layer of enjoyment to our culinary adventures.

Important Lessons Learned:

Through my journey in Barcelona, I learned the significance of embracing diverse cultures and immersing oneself in new experiences. The city's blend of modernity and tradition taught me the importance of preserving history while embracing innovation. I also discovered the value of traveling with like-minded companions, as sharing moments of awe and wonder enhances the overall experience.

Conclusion:

My visit to Barcelona was an enriching and awe-inspiring adventure. From the architectural wonders to the vibrant streets, the city captivated me in ways I had never imagined. The meticulously planned trip, coupled with the company of dear friends, made it an experience to cherish forever. Barcelona holds a special place in my heart, and I am grateful for the memories and lessons it has bestowed upon me.

Weathers

Reading II

A. Find the words from the poem that are similar in meaning to the following words/phrases.

a. a brief and usually light fall of rain - "shower"

b. sings - "warbles"

c. young women - "maids"

d. to tumble about; throw into disorder - "scatter"

e. baby birds - "nestlings"

f. dislikes - "hates"

g. a dull greyish-brown color - "drab"

h. beat or sound with a strong, regular rhythm - "throb"

i. small rivers; streams - "brooks"

B. Answer these questions.

a. What do the nestlings do in the spring?

Answer: The nestlings fly in the spring.

b. What does the nightingale do?

Answer: The nightingale bills (sings) his best.

c. How do the girls come out in spring?

Answer: The girls come out in spring by dressing in spring-muslin.

d. What plan do people make?

Answer: People make plan to visit different places in the south and west.

e. What happens to beeches in winter?

Answer: Beeches turn brown and dun (a brownish grey colour) in winter.

f. Where do rooks go? Why do they migrate?

Answer: Rooks go to their homes or nests. They migrate because of a variety of reasons. Their migration is especially for their successful survival and reproduction.

g. Does the poet enjoy the winter or the spring? Why?

Answer: The poet enjoys the spring weather. It is because he has presented his enjoyment through his repetitive phrase "And so do I". This phrase suggests that he also enjoys the spring same as cuckoo, nestlings, nightingale, maids, and citizens who dream of the south and west.

C. Complete the interpretation of the poem using suitable words or phrases given below.

The poem 'Weathers' was composed by an English poet, Thomas Hardy. He talks about two different seasons which are the spring and the winter.

In the first stanza, the pleasant spring season is described. Cuckoo and nightingale feel good in this season. The light rain flows over the pointed leaves of chestnut tree. The poet is pleased as the nightingale sings at his best tune. People come out of their houses to enjoy the weather and the birds' song. The young girls are seen in their fine clothes.

The people plan to visit different places of south and west. To an English person, the south and the west are associated with summer holiday destinations, where the weather at that time is often warm and sunny and many coastal towns provide welcoming accommodations and amusements.

The poet likes this weather as it is liked by all the birds, animals, and humans as well.

In the second stanza, he talks about the winter's coldness and severity. All the natural beauty turns into dullness and discomfort. The cuckoo hates this weather. The beeches turn dry and brown as their leaves are threshed by the wind. The water drops hang from the wooden bars of gates. One can see some streams overflow as it has been raining a lot. The rooks fly to their homes as harshness of winter gradually grows. The poet dislikes the winter season because it is very cold and wet.

Symbolically the poet tries to state the bright and dark aspects of hu- man life and the word 'weathers' indicates human life. The spring represents the bright whereas the winter represents the dark aspects of our life.

D. In which season would you like to travel? Why?

Answer:

If you enjoy mild weather, blooming flowers, and vibrant landscapes, you might prefer traveling during the spring season. It's a time of renewal and rejuvenation, with pleasant temperatures and the beauty of nature coming to life. On the other hand, if you prefer warm weather, outdoor activities, and longer days, summer can be an ideal season for travel. It offers opportunities for beach trips, hiking, and exploring various attractions and festivals.

Autumn, with its colorful foliage and cooler temperatures, can be a great choice for those who appreciate scenic beauty and a more relaxed atmosphere. It's a wonderful time for nature walks, visiting vineyards, and enjoying the harvest season. For individuals who enjoy winter sports, snowy landscapes, or festive celebrations, winter can be a fantastic season to travel. It offers opportunities for skiing, snowboarding, visiting Christmas markets, and experiencing unique winter activities.

Ultimately, the best season to travel depends on your personal preferences, the activities you enjoy, and the specific destination you have in mind. Consider the climate, events, and attractions available during each season to make an informed decision and create memorable travel experiences.

Grammar II

A. Add suitable question tags.

a. I'd rather go travelling, wouldn't I?

b. Everything is okay, isn't it?

c. I shan't be in your position, shall I?

d. I don't think he'll come soon, won't he?

e. Let's not have cold drinks, shall we? Nepal

f. All is well, isn't it?

g. There is a coffee shop near the gate, isn't there?

h. Nothing was there, was it?

i. The car sped along the road, didn't it?

J. He's got a very peculiar voice, hasn't he?

k. Asmina, bring me your pen, will you?

I. Nawaraj seldom plays cards, does he?

m. Everyone will be satisfied with my job, won't they?

n. None met me last week, did they?

o. Everything is perishable, isn't it?

p. I think he's busy, isn't he?

Writing II

Prepare a brochure of a touristic place in your locality. Include the following points:

i. Name of the place

ii. Location

iii. Accessibility

iv. Major attractions

v. Entry requirements (if any)

vi. Contanct information

Answer:

Discover Amazing Nature-Related Stories in Suklaphata National Park

Name and Location:

Suklaphata National Park is a famous national park of Nepal located in the Terai of the far western region of Nepal. It is located in Kanchanpur district. It consists of 305 km² of wonderful open grasslands, forests, river banks and tropical wetlands at altitudes of 174 to 1,386 metres. It is bounded by the Mahakali River on the west and south. This national park was established in 2017 AD.

Accessibility:

Suklaphata National Park is easily accessible by bus from Bhimdatta. Tourists coming from other parts of the country have to take a domestic flights to reach Dhangadi Airport and then take a taxi or bus to Bhimdatta. It is 24.1 km away from Bhimdatta Bazar. This national park is connected to the Indian border.

Major Attractions:

This national park is very famous. Most of the tourists from all over the country and from abroad come and explore this unique place for enjoyment and entertainment. Due to the beautiful landscapes here, tourists can spend a wonderful time here. They can enjoy their trip by indulging in various activities mentioned below.

1. Jungle jeep safari gives them a chance to see different types of animals and flora before their very eyes.

2. Elephant ride gives them the view of wild animals as well as the enjoyment of greenery all around.

3. They get a chance to observe the natural activities around them.

4. They get a chance to see the beautiful view of the Mahakali River in the west and south.

5. They may get a chance to make extraordinary experiences in their life.

6. They get an opportunity to know about the people and the culture of the Far Western region. Tharu dance is the centre of attraction here. They experience the uniqueness of this cultural dance.

7. They will not have to worry about night stay. Night stay facility is also available for visitors.

8. Tourists can spend their comfortable nights in jungle cottages at very affordable prices with Nepalese hospitality.

Entry Requirements:

Visitors to Nepal do not require any documents for their entry. They can easily enter by buying tickets at the counters. But foreign visitors have to show their foreign documents along with the ticket. There is no additional charge on tickets for overseas visitors.

Contact information:

If you need further information or inquiries regarding our facilities, please feel free to contact us.

Shuklaphanta National Park; Sudurpaschim Province Kanchanpur, Nepal Leaning Nepal

Phone: +9779800000000

Email: shuklapha.ntanationalpark@gmail.com

15. People and Place

Reading I

A. Find the words from the text that have the following meanings.

a. Insipid lacking taste

b. Inscribed wrote words

c. Tangled twisted together

d. Suffocating causing difficulty in breathing a particular attitude towards

B. Complete the sentences below choosing the correct words from the text.

a. The word 'calm' is opposite in meaning to restless.

b. The phrase passed away means 'died'.

c. The word invisible means incapable of being seen.

d. The word 'wish' and desire are synonyms.

e. The word soiling means making dirty.

C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

a. Jhamak Ghimire defines her life as a beautiful flower of creation. True

b. According to her, our fortune decides how our life will be. True

c. The author was happy with how she spent her childhood. False

d. People blamed Jhamak herself for her physical disability. True

e. According to the writer, Homer was incomplete because he was physically incapable. False

f. Jhamak could make grandmother happy with her voice. False

g. Jhamak's grandmother still looks after her. True

D. Answer these questions.

a. Why does Jhamak think her life as a burdensome life?

Ans: Jhamak thinks her life is burdensome because she feels robbed by fate and believes she lacks the sweetness and joy of life.

b. When does the fortune draw a line of fate?

Ans: The fortune is believed to draw a line of fate on the night when a newly born child is bathed, washed, made clean, and put her to sleep with an exercise book and a pen under her pillow.

c. How did people respond to her life? Was she happy with their behavior?

Ans: People responded to Jhamak's life with displeasure and anger. They considered her cursed by the gods and blamed er for her physical disability. Their behavior lacked sympathy and love towards her. Jhamak was not happy with their behavior towards her.

d. Who does Thamak compare herself with? What made them different from Jhamak?

Ans: Jhamak compares herself to figures such as Homer, Nikolai Otrovsky, and Helen Keller. Despite their physical weaknesses, they made substantial contributions and offered unique perspectives on the human experience before their deaths. However, the key distinction lies in the recognition and appreciation they received, whereas Jhamak encountered criticism and negative attitudes throughout her journey.

e. Did achieving awareness become a curse for her? Why?

Ans: Yes, achieving awareness became a curse for her as it made her aware of her desires and dreams that she could not fulfill due to her physical limitations. She longed to speak, walk, and engage with others but lacked the voice and physical strength to do so. The awareness of her limitations intensified her pain.

f. How does Jhamak picturise her family's economic condition during her childhood?

Ans: Jhamak portrays her family's economic condition during her childhood as challenging. It was difficult for them to manage two meals a day, and her parents often went hungry. Despite the economic hardships, her grandmother, who loved her dearly, would feed and care for her, even sacrificing her own meals.

E. Read the opening chapter of 'Jivan Kadan Ki Phul' in Nepali and narrate the story of Jhamak's life in your own words.

Ans: Jhamak's life began amidst adversity, and she questions whether her existence can be considered a beautiful creation. Despite enduring hardship, she has survived, though she perceives her life as burdened by harsh truths. From her birth, Jhamak felt that unfortunate lines of fate were written for her, despite her mother's ritual to change it. She has endured a life devoid of joy and human sympathies, feeling as though she lived like an animal.

Society has treated Jhamak with disdain and anger due to her physical disability, making her question why she is considered incomplete while celebrated figures like Homer, Nikolai Otrovsky, and Helen Keller, who also faced physical weakness, are revered. She recognizes her wife as unequal and marked by limitations that have kept her from fulfilling basic desires.

Despite these challenges, Jhamak fondly recalls her grandmother's love and care, even in difficult economic circumstances. Her grandmother's selflessness in providing for her,

even when it meant going without herself, is a source of gratitude and warmth in Jhamak's life.

In summary, Jhamak's early life was filled with adversity, physical limitations, and economic struggles. Yet, she finds beauty and meaning in the unwavering love and support of her grandmother. Despite her challenges, she continues to face life with determination and resilience.

Grammar

A. Read the conversation below and underline the relative clauses used in it.

Swikriti: Abdul, look at this photo.

Abdul: Is this Sahara, the girl who plays the piano?

Swikriti: No, this is Reema, the girl who won the singing competition last year.

B. Fill in the gaps With the correct relative pronouns.

a. I admired the player whose performance was fantastic.

b. We had some juice which was in the fridge.

c. She didn't tell her teacher about her problem which was her mistake.

d. My mother, who is farmer, grows a lot of vegetables.

e. You are my friend whom I want to sit with.

f. I want to help those children whose economic condition is very bad.

g. This is the road where the accident took place.

h. The mobile phone, which I bought six years ago, is still working.

i. It was in 2015 when the earthquake hit Nepal badly.

j. Marima is a wonderful lady whom everyone can trust.

C. Join the following pairs of sentences as in the example.

a. The letter reached me this morning. My friend sent it from abroad.

The letter, which my friend sent from abroad, reached me this morning.

b. This is the palace. Bhimsen built it.

This is the palace that Bhimsen built.

c. The boy committed cybercrime. The judge sent him to the jail.

The boy whom the judge sent to the jail committed cybercrime.

d. He is a liar. You should not believe him.

He is a liar whom you should not believe.

e. I know an artist. He moves with an artificial leg.

- I know an artist who moves with an artificial leg.

f. Bring me the file. The file is about our new project.

- Bring me the file which is about our new project.

g. We met a girl. The girl had lost her way.

-We met a girl who had lost her way.

h. I saw a soldier. His bravery impressed everyone.

- I saw a soldier whose bravery impressed everyone.

i. Once upon a time, there lived a giant in a forest. Nobody dared to go there.

- Once upon a time, there lived a giant in a forest where nobody dared to go.

j. The dog took away the ball. The kids were playing it.

- The dog took away the ball that the kids were playing.

Writing I

Write a short biography of Nepali literary figure Til Bikram Nembang Limbu aka Bairagi Kainla. Use the outlines given below.

Bairngi Kainla: A Star of Nepalese Literature

Bairngi Kainla, also known as Til Bikram Nembang Limbu, was born on August 9, 1939, in Pauchthar, Nepal. Despite facing limited resources and opportunities, he became a prominent figure in Nepali literature, leaving a lasting impact with his contributions.

Bairngi Kainla received his early education at home, learning the basics of reading and writing from local teachers. His passion for literature and language grew as he immersed himself in the world of words, gradually honing his skills as a poet.

Throughout his career, Bairngi Kainla produced several notable publications, including "Bairagi Kainlaka Kavitaharu," "Sappok-Chomen: Limbu Jatima Kokh-Puja," and "Nawacoit Mundhum," among others. These works demonstrate his deep understanding of language, culture, and spirituality.

Bairngi Kainla's contributions extended beyond his literary achievements. He served as the Chancellor of the Nepal Academy, playing a crucial role in promoting and preserving the Nepali language and literature. His dedication to his craft and involvement in the literary community significantly influenced and nurtured the Nepali literary scene.

Recognized for his exceptional talent and contributions, Bairngi Kainla received numerous awards and accolades. He was honored with the prestigious Jagdamba Shree Award in 2076 B.S. Additionally, he received the Sajha Puraskar in 2031 B.S. and the Vishist Shrasta Samman in 2066 B.S., among others.

Bairngi Kainla's literary journey and his pioneering role in the Tesro Aayam (Third Dimension) movement have left an indelible mark on Nepali literature. His deep understanding of language, exploration of cultural nuances, and artistic expressions continue to inspire and resonate with readers, ensuring his legacys a respected and influential figure in Nepali literature.

Sugarloaf Mountain: 5 Interesting Facts

Reading II

A. Match these words with their meanings.

a. landmark: an object or structure on land that is easy to see and recognize

b. spectacular: very impressive

c. sprawling: covered with buildings across a large area

d. tranquil: calm, quiet, and peaceful

e. blockbusters: very successful films

f. fortifications: walls or other constructions built to strengthen a place against attack

g. peninsula: a piece of land that is almost entirely surrounded by water and is attached to a larger land area

h. bustling: full of lively activity.

B. We can form adjectives by adding -ing or '-ed' at the end of the verbs as in sprawling, bustling and unfolding in the text. Complete the following sentences by changing the verb in the brackets into an adjective by adding -ing' or 'ed' Answer:

a. The children were annoyed when they missed the beginning of the movie.

b. Have you read Agni by Nabarai Lamsal? It's a great book if you are interested in reading poems.

c. The result of the game was surprising The best team didn't win!

d. I don't enjoy going out with Sumi.

She's the most boring person I've ever mot.

e. The students were so excited when their school decided to take them on a trip.

f. Angela was quite terrified when she was flying for the first time.

g. I love to go to the fairs because they perform very interesting_magic.

C. Match the paragraphs in Reading II with their correct headings.

A: Rock Climbing

B: Neighboring Mountains

C: Hollywood Star

D: Guanabara Bay.

E: Awesome Cable Car Ride

D. Answer these questions.

a. Where is Sugarloaf Mountain located?

Ans: Sugarloaf Mountain is located at the entrance to Guanabara Bay in Southeastern Brazil.

b. How did the mountain get the name 'Sugarloaf Mountain'?

Ans: The mountain got the name 'Sugarloaf Mountain for its unique shape that resembles a traditional form of refined sugar used in the 19th century.

c. Do you think many people can do rock-climbing at a time when they visit the mountain Why?

Ans: Yes, many people can do rock- climbing at a time when they visit the mountain because there are 270 different routes there.

d. Which of the sites do you think the children would love to visit? Why?

Ans: I think the children would love to visit Morro de Urca because this place offers the children a good playing area.

e. Name the first film in which Sugarloaf Mountain was featured.

Ans: The first film in which Sugarloaf Mountain was featured was 'Now, Voyager'.

f. What is historic about Guanabara Bay?

Ans: Guanabara Bay was home to several fortifications built by the colonial government in the 16th century.

g. What should you do to enjoy the best scene of Guanabara Bay?

Ans: To enjoy the best scene of Guanabara Bay, I should take the two cable cars that take me to the summit of Sugarloaf Mountain. From there, I can enjoy stunning views of Rio de Janeiro, including the beautiful natural scenery of Guanabara Bay and the surrounding area.

h. Do you think a visitor should ride the cable cars while visiting the mountain? Why?

Ans: Yes, a visitor should ride the cable cars while visiting the mountain to see beautiful scenes below.

E. Do you think a visitor should ride cable cars while visiting the mountain? Why? Which of the facts of Sugarloaf Mountain interested you the most? Give reasons.

Answer: I would like to see Guanabara Bay that is in front of Sugar Loaf Mountain because it is beautiful to look at and has historical significance of 16th century. Guanabara is made up of more than 130 islands and surrounded by beautiful natural scenery.

Reading 2 Grammar II

A. Complete the following sentences choosing the correct preposition from the brackets.

Answer:

a. I love to travel. Therefore, I went to Delhi by plane last week.

b. Namrata visited Lumbini in 2002.

c. My best friend lives in a beautiful house across the street.

d. We had to walk up to the edge of tha desert to find water.

e. The Prime Minister died from head injury a few days after his accident.

f. My family has been living in Dharan for two years.

g. I am very pleased to meet you.

h. He is a tall boy with long brown hair.

i. Guman Singh is a student at Tribhuvan University.

j. On November 2, we will start our new semester.

k. I love your house by the river.

I. She misses her grandfather because she has not met him for ages.

B. Complete the text below with the correct prepositions.

Answer:

I live in Bhairahawa, but every summer I like to travel to Pokhara. I am afraid of travelling by plane. Last summer I decided I would travel by. bus. According to the ticket I received from the travel agency, the bus would leave Pokhara at 9:15 pm on Friday and arrive in Pokhara the following day at 5:30 in the morning. The travel would include boating in Fewa Lake from one end of the lake to another end. We would also drive to different beautiful places. It would be really wonderful.

Reading 2 Writing II

There are many tourist destinations in Nepal. Choose one of them and write a letter or an email to your foreign friend mentioning interesting facts about the place. Also invite him/her to visit the place.

Name of the place: Melamchi

Location: Sindhupalchok District Accessibility: 4 hour drive from Kathmandu, Araniko Highway Major attractions: Green forest, white water, Gumbas, Local food Contact information: Melamchi Municipality

office.

Email: melamchitouristspot@gmail.com

Entry requirements: None

Answer:

From: abc@gmail.com

To: xyz@gmail.com

Subject: About Kathmandu city In Nepal

Dear friend Kazi, I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to reach out and extend invitation to visit me here in Kathmandu, Nepal. I've been living here for some time now, and I think you would really enjoy exploring the city and experiencing the unique culture and traditions of Nepal. Kathmandu is a vibrant and bustling city, with a rich history and a diverse mix of people and cultures. There are so many things to see and do here, from visiting ancient temples and historical sites to trying delicious Nepali cuisine and shopping in locat markets.

I would be more than happy to show you around and take you to some of favorite spots in the city. We could explore the bustling streets of Thamel, visit the iconic Swayambhunath Stupa, or take a trip to the nearby hills and enjoy stunning views of the Himalayas. Additionally, the weather in Kathmandu is fantastic in most of the time of year, with clear blue skies and warm temperatures. It's the perfect time to plan a visit and enjoy all that this incredible city

has to offer.

Let me know if you're interested in visiting, and we can work out the details. I can't wait to show you around and share the beauty and culture of Nepal with you.

Best regards

Raj

16. Success and Celebration

Reading I

A. Use the correct words/phrases given below to complete the sentences.

(domineering, solace, apprentice, bankrupt, afloat, mounting, harness, plotting perseverance, colossal) Answer:

a. Kisan had to sell his house to keep his business afloat.

b. He was accused of plotting the robbery of the bank.

c. Scientists are trying to solace the sun's rays as a new source of energy.

d. Many companies went bankrupt during the economic depression.

e. Courage and perseverance are the keys to success in life.

f. The government had mounting pressure from the public to withdraw the bill.

g. After his graduation, he worked as an apprentice electrician in a company.

h. The government spent a colossal amount of money on the renovation of the historical buildings.

i. Kathy was brought up by an unkind domineering stepmother.

j. Patrick took harness in the company of his mates.

B. Find the meaning of the following phrases/idioms from a dictionary and use them in sentences of your own. Answer:

a. make ends meet: to have enough money to cover expense.

It is difficult to make ends meet for teachers.

b. silver lining: bright side of something.

I can see the silver lining of my Mo: Mo: business.

c. nervous breakdown: psychological disorder.

Ram went through nervous breakdown when he failed in the exam for three times.

d. drop out: to leave the place

He dropped out the school because he couldn't improve his study.

e. kick in the teeth: a humiliating insult.

When I asked for money to my close friend, I got a kick in the teeth.

f. set off: to begin a journey.

He set off India in search of better opportunities.

C. The following sentences represent some events in Disney's life. Study and rewrite them in the chronological order.

Answer:

a. Disney left home and went to France to work as an ambulance driver.

b. He returned to Chicago and worked as a trainee at an art studio.

c. The cartoon company collapsed.

d. He created the characters, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and Mickey Mouse.

e. Disney suffered severe mental and emotional illness.

f. He shifted his focus from big screens to television shows.

g. He successfully founded the famous Disneyland.

D. Answer these question.

a. How was Walt Disney's childhood?

Ans: Walt Disney's childhood was not so good. He suffered from domineering father.

b.Describe Disney's family background.

Ans: Walt Disney was one of the five siblings in his family. His childhood was not so good. He suffered from domineering and abuse father. They were poor, too.

c. What did Disney do after his failure in the first business?

Ans: After his failure in the first business, he tried in.acting.

d. How was the character of Mickey Mouse created?

Ans: After many years of eating beans and driving up his debt, he character of Mickey Mouse was created.

e. Why did Disney have a mental breakdown?

Ans: Disney had a mental breakdown because his employer stole his best animation film.

f. Which of his films were commercially useless?

Ans: Inocchio, Fantasia and Bambi were commercially useless films.

g. Which films produced him great financial returns?

Ans: Snow White and the Seven Dwarf produced him great financial returns.

h. Why do you think the opening of Disneyland was called 'Black Sunday'?

Ans: I think the opening of Disneyland was called 'Black Sunday' because many people got trouble in line to watch the film without having water to drink in summer time.

i. What special quality of Disney made him finally a successful entrepreneur?

Ans: Determination and perseverance made Disney a successful entrepreneur.

j. What lesson do you learn from Disney's life?

Ans: From Disney's life I learn that determination and perseverance are the key to success in life.

E. Who has inspired you significantly in your life? Share her/his life story to the class.

Answer:

Cristiano Ronaldo's life story is one of determination, hard work, and unparalleled success. Born in Madeira, Portugal, on February 5, 1985, Ronaldo grew up in a humble family. From a young age, he showed immense talent and passion for football, playing in the streets of his neighborhood and honing his skills.

Ronaldo's professional journey began when he joined the youth academy of Sporting Lisbon. His incredible performances at the club caught the attention of Manchester United, one of the top clubs in the English Premier League. In 2003, he moved to England, where he truly began to shine on the world stage.

During his six-year stint at Manchester United, Ronaldo' s athleticism, skillful dribbling, and goal-scoring ability wowed audiences and earned him several prestigious awards,

including the first of his five Ballon d' Or titles. Ronaldo's work ethic was legendary, and he always pushed himself to improve and take his game to new heights.

In 2009, Ronaldo made a record-breaking transfer to Real Madrid for a then-world-record fee. At Madrid, he achieved remarkable success, breaking numerous records and leading the team to multiple Champions League triumphs. His goal-scoring prowess, dedication, and leadership qualities made him the heart and soul of the squad.

Ronaldo's ambition didn't stop there. In 2018, he made another high-profile move, this time to Juventus in Italy. Despite his advancing age, Ronaldo continued to defy expectations, maintaining his exceptional level of performance and showing no signs of slowing down.

Off the field, Ronaldo's philanthropy and charitable efforts have left a lasting impact on various causes, including children's hospitals and cancer research. He used his immense popularity and resources to make a positive difference in the lives of others, showcasing his compassionate side and commitment to giving back.

Writing

A. Imagine that your school football team has won the title of 'Inter- school Football Tournament' organised by the District Sports Development Committee. Write a message of congratulation to the team on behalf of the school to appear on the school notice board. Use the clues given below.

feeling happy and proud hard work and dedication of the team trophy and cash prizes congratulations and best wishes

Answer:

Congratulations!!!

Congratulations to well-deserved victory of our school football team who has won the title of 'Inter- school Football Tournament' organised by the District Sports Development Committee last week. Your hard work, dedication, and passion for the sport is paid off. You should be very proud of yourself. Your victory is a true reflection of your determination, discipline, and athletic ability. We couldn't be more proud of you. Congratulations once again for the trophy and the cash prizes! Wishing you for the best athletic Future!

- Grade X students

And School Family

B. Your maternal uncle has recently been promoted to the post of Inspector of Nepal Police. Write a letter of congratulation extending him your best wishes.

Answer:

Bardibas 1, Mahottari 11th Jan 2024

Dear uncle,

I'm so happy to know that you were promoted to the post of Inspector of Nepal Police recently. Huge congratulations for all that you' ve achieved. You deserve all the success that comes your way. You always strive for excellence, and it's great to see all your hard work paying off. Congratulations once again on your achievement, my dear uncle! I am sure that you will be role model in that promoted post again. I always wish you for your bright future.

With Regards,

Raj Acharya

Reading II

A. Match the following words/phrases with their correct meanings.

a. unforgiving

- vii. not giving a second chance: not happening again

b. virtue

- iii. behaviour showing high moral standards

c. sinew

- vi. a strong band of tissues in the body

d. pitch-and-toss

- v. a game of skill and chance

e. worn-out

- ii. badly damaged and no longer useful

f. stoop

- ix. to bend the body forwards and downwards

g. knave

- viii. a person who cheats by pretending to be somebody else

h. triumph

- iv. a great success, achievement or victory

i. impostor

- vi. a dishonest person

B. Complete the summary of the poem using the given words/phrases.

will

importance

success and failure

value

inspirational

truthfulness

Virtue

In 'If', Rudyard Kipling provides inspirational insights into life. In the first stanza, the poet suggests us to keep calm, have self- trust and bear virtue. According to the poet, it is important to be thoughtful about an action before undertaking it. Similarly, balancing between success and failure is another important quality of a successful person. In the third stanza, the poet suggests us to value our winnings. We must devote our intellect, heart, and muscle in the work we do, and we should always have a strong will to achieve success. In the final stanza, the poet suggests us to maintain our truthfulness no matter who we are with. Most importantly, we must realize the importance of time.

C. Answer the following questions.

a. What does the poet suggest about dealing with lies?

The poet suggests that one should never lies in their life, and maintain truthfulness and rise above negativity.

b. What do you mean by 'not be tired by waiting'?

'Not be tired by waiting' means having patience and endurance without becoming weary or frustrated while waiting for something.

c. Why should we not aim only to dream in life?

The poet suggests that merely dreaming in life is not enough. One should not make dreams the sole focus or master, implying that action and practicality are also essential for achieving success.

d. How do you think we can achieve our dream?

When we emphasize qualities such as perseverance, self-belief, truthfulness, resilience, and the ability to handle both triumph and disaster, we can possibly help ourselves achieve our dream.

e. What Can knaves do to us?

The knaves can twist the truth spoken by others to trap fools.

f. Why should we forget our failures in life?

We should forget our failures as dwelling on past failures can hinder progress and growth. To move forward and succeed, it is important to learn from failures.

g. What should we do if we lose the 'pitch-and-toss'?

If we lose the "pitch-and-toss, we should start again at the beginning without dwelling on the loss or revealing it to others.

D. What suggestions do your parents and teachers give you to be successful in life?

Parents and teachers advise success through clear goals, hard work, and discipline. They suggest us to stay positive, believe in yourself, and be confident. They also wants us to acquire new knowledge, develop skills, and stay updated as well as take calculated risks for growth. We should build positive relationships, communicate effectively, and collaborate for mutual success.

Complete the sentences below with the correct prepositional phrases from the box.

in cash

out of their hand

at playing in a hurry on board of the interested in out of reach situation with each other on a diet

at large

a. The accident took place as the bus and the lorry collided each other.

b. Amin is brilliant at playing the violin.

c. Mr. Sharma is not interested in politics.

d. The criminal who took the lives of five is still at large.

e. I cannot contact him. His phone is out of reach.

f. The concert went out of hand. They had to call the police to take control

g. Sanskriti is on a diet these days for fear that she will put on weight.

h. I cannot talk to you now. I am in a hurry.

i. Even though the plane had to take an emergency landing, all the passengers on board were safe and sound.

J. Would you like to make the payment in cash?

Writing

Speech: Failure as Pillar of Success

Failure as Pillar of Success

Ladies and gentlemen,

Today, I stand before you to share a timeless truth that transcends generations and cultures: "Failure is the Pillar of Success." In a world often defined by victories and triumphs, it's easy to overlook the invaluable lessons that failure imparts. Rather than succumbing to disappointment, we should embrace failure as a stepping stone toward greater achievements.

Consider the story of Thomas Edison, whose relentless pursuit of the light bulb involved numerous setbacks. Edison famously said, "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." His resilience and determination eventually led to one of the most transformative inventions in history.

Similarly, J.K. Rowling faced rejection from multiple publishers before finding success with the Harry Potter series. Her journey teaches us that setbacks are not roadblocks but rather detours on the path to success.

Failure serves as a powerful teacher, guiding us towards self- improvement and innovation. When we analyze our mistakes, we gain insights that propel us forward. It's in the face of adversity that our character is forged, and our resolve to succeed is tested.

Let us celebrate our failures not as defeats but as opportunities for growth. Embracing failure paves the way for resilience, creativity, and eventual triumph.

Remember, the most durable pillars are often those that have weathered storms and stood firm. May we, too, stand tall, fortified by the lessons of our failures, as we navigate the journey to success.

Thank you.

17. Countries and Towns

Reading I

London VS Paris

A. Find the words from the text and fill in the cross word puzzle. DOWN

1. a person who lives in a town - urbanite

4. an impressive display of a particular type of thing - showcase

2. a person who approaches passers-by in the street asking for donations - chugger

3. a set of rails that forms the route for a tram - tramway

5. full of energy and life - vibrant

8. a long, narrow French loaf - baguette

9. the art of choosing, cooking and eating good food - gastronomy

10. a small close - knit group of people-clique

B. Choose the correct alternative.

a. The transport network in London is

1. limited

ii. widespread

iii. ruined

iv. Luxurious

b. The number of museums in London is

i. 69

ii. 153

iii. 240

iv. 380

c. Paris is better and has more to offer than London in terms of

i. variety in cuisine

ii. number of museums

iii. arts and crafts

iv. Transport

d. Which of the following is not the major attraction of Paris?

i. fashion

ii. cuisine

iii. art

iv. public library

e. Which of the following is not the similarity between the two cities?

i. Both London and Paris are the capital cities.

ii. Both cities can be travelled all the year round with nice weather.

iii. People in both cities are friendly and welcoming.

iv. Both cities are famous for viewpoints and museums.

C. State whether the following statements are True or False.

a. The French prefer handshakes to kisses. (False)

b. People in London are easy to get along with. (False)

c. The French enjoy talking informally in espresso bar. (True)

d. London is almost fifteen times larger than Paris in terms of geography. (False)

e. The cost of living in Paris is almost the same as that of London. (False)

f. If you are looking for a less populous city, than Paris would be a perfect suit. (False)

D. Answer these questions.

a. What are the famous rivers in London and Paris?

- The famous river in London is the River Thames, and the famous river in Paris is the Seine River.

b. Why do football fans prefer London to Paris?

- Football fans may prefer London to Paris because London hosts six major football clubs that play in the top league, providing more options for football enthusiasts compared to Paris, which has only one major club, Paris Saint-Germain (PSG).

c. Which of the two cities was visited by more tourists in 2018?

- According to a 2018 report by MasterCard mentioned in the text, London recorded the highest number of tourists after Bangkok, making it the second most visited city globally. Paris came in third.

d. What time of the year is suitable to visit London?

- Autumn is described as the most appropriate period to visit London. During this season, temperatures are warm and pleasant, and the city hosts British events and festivals.

e. Which of the two cities is cheaper to travel?

- In terms of local transportation costs and utility bills, Paris appears to be cheaper than London. Therefore, Paris is comparatively cheaper to travel.

f. Where do you think it is easier to catch a cab: In London or Paris? Why?

- According to the text, Paris has an estimate of 17,000 registered taxis, while London has 22,500. Therefore, it is easier to catch a cab in London.

G. Which of the two cities would yon like to visit? Give reasons.

- I would like to visit London. The city is a melting pot of cultures, making it a vibrant and diverse city. With its diverse population, there is a wide range of cuisines, languages, and traditions to experience. From the bustling streets of Chinatown to the colorful markets of Brick Lane, London offers a unique fusion of cultures from around the world. This cultural diversity also extends to the arts scene, with a plethora of theaters, art galleries, and music venues showcasing a variety of performances and exhibitions.

Grammar I

A. Choose the correct adjective or adverb to complete the following sentences.

a. My poor family can't afford a car. (adjective)

b. Sujata performed poorly at the concert. (adverb)

c. Suraj is calm under pressure. (adjective)

d. The cook patiently removed the boiling pot from the stove. (adverb)

e. The teacher spoke loudly to the students. (adverb)

f. Sunil walked to the kitchen quietly. (adverb)

g. The quiet children listened to the teacher. (adjective)

h. The woman softly sang a lullaby to her infant. (adverb)

i. The kitten timidly peered from under the couch. (adverb)

B. Choose the correct form of the adjectives or the adverbs given in brackets and rewrite the sentences.

a. Some people think that the Sanskrit language is much more complicated to deal with than the Nepali language. (adjective)

b. Metal is heavier than wood. (adjective)

c. Wood is not as heavy as iron. (adjective)

d. He ran more quickly than I did. (adverb)

e. Albert Einstein was an intelligent person. (adjective)

f. My sister can speak English better than Juna can. (adverb)

g. A family car is not as fast as a sports car. (adjective)

h. I wrote more beautifully than he did. (adverb)

i. Sunita did not dance as gracefully as Mamata did. (adverb)

j. The journey home by bus takes much longer than by plane. (adverb)

Writing I

Write a couple of paragrahps comparing out capital city, Kathmandu with any other city in Nepal.

Kathmandu vs Pokhara

Kathmandu and Pokhara are two of the most popular cities in Nepal, each offering unique experiences for visitors. Kathmandu, the capital city, is a bustling metropolis situated in the Kathmandu Valley. It is known for its rich history, ancient temples, and vibrant cultural heritage. The city is a melting pot of diverse cultures and traditions, with its narrow streets lined with colorful shops, bustling markets, and centuries- old monuments. Kathmandu is also the gateway to the majestic Himalayas, making it a popular destination for trekkers and adventure enthusiasts.

On the other hand, Pokhara is a picturesque city nestled in the lap of the Himalayas, and it is renowned for its stunning natural beauty. Pokhara offers a tranquil and peaceful atmosphere. The city is a perfect getaway for nature lovers and those seeking relaxation. Visitors can enjoy boating on Phewa Lake, explore the famous World Peace Pagoda, or indulge in adventurous activities like paragliding and hiking. Pokhara also serves as a gateway to popular trekking destinations like the Annapurna Circuit and the Mustang region.

While Kathmandu offers a blend of historical charm and urban energy, Pokhara captivates visitors with its natural splendor and laid-back ambiance. Both cities have their own distinct appeal and attractions. Kathmandu showcases ancient palaces, temples, and vibrant street life, while Pokhara offers breathtaking mountain views, tranquil lakes, and a serene environment. Whether one seeks cultural exploration or a peaceful retreat in nature, both Kathmandu and Pokhara provide unique experiences that make Nepal a remarkable destination to explore.

The Country Mouse and the City Mouse by Ruchard Scrafton Sharpe

Reading II

A. Match the following words with their correct meanings.

a. snug = iv. warm, comfortable and protected, especially from the cold

b. unmolested = ix. not disturbed or attacked by anything

c. stray = i. move away aimlessly from the place where one should be

d. frown = x. a facial expression indicating disapproval or displeasure

e. horrid = ii. very unpleasant, rough

f. reluctant = iii. unwilling and hesitant

g. custard = v. a sweet yellow sauce made from milk, sugar, eggs, and flour

h. trifle = vil. a cold dessert of sponge cake and fruit

i. regale = vi. entertain or amuse somebody with talk

j. endure = viii. to deal with something painful or unpleasant

B. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

a. The country mouse was happy with the way she was living. (False)

b. The country mouse enjoyed the grand meal every day. (False)

c. The town mouse was unhappy with the food he was served. (True)

d. The town mouse invited the country mouse for a dinner in the town. (True)

e. In the town, the country mouse was served delicious food. (False)

f. There was no peace for the mice in the town. (True)

C. Answer these questions.

a. How did the country mouse live?

- The country mouse lived in a cottage in the fields.

b. Why did the town mouse go to the country?

- The town mouse went to the country to visit the country mouse.

c. Was the country mouse happy to get an invitation to visit the town? Why?

- Yes, the country mouse was happy to get an invitation to visit the town because she was curious about the town's food and wanted to experience a different lifestyle.

d. What happened while the mice were having dinner?

- While the mice were having dinner in the town, the dog, cat, and maid with a broom entered the room and interrupted their meal.

e. What did the country mouse request her friend for?

- The country mouse requested her friend to safely take her away from the town because she couldn't tolerate the disturbances and wanted to return to her simple life with bacon and peas.

D. Do you live in a town or a country? What are the advantages and disadvantages of living there?

I live in a country. Living in the countryside offers a peaceful and beautiful lifestyle. I can wake up to the sounds of birds, breathe fresh air, and enjoy stunning landscapes. There's plenty of space for gardens and outdoor activities, and you can find solitude and privacy. The tight-knit community provides a sense of belonging and support. Engaging in outdoor activities like hiking and biking is easily accessible. While there may be some trade-offs, the advantages of country living make it a fulfilling and enriching experience.

Grammar II

Complete the following sentences using the correct connectives given below.

[because, because of, although, however, despite/in spite of, but]

a. Although it was summer, the days were rather cold.

b. A piece of stone struck the workman's head; however, he was not hurt.

c. I like popcorn, but I don't like pizza.

d. Despite her age, she is still working very hard.

e. Although Narayan is a skillful worker, he can't read and write very well.

f. Because petrol had become so expensive, Brian sold his car and bought a motorcycle.

g. I took a taxi because it was raining.

h. All flights were cancelled because of the fog.

i. Despite feeling unwell, she went to school.

j. Prinja felt cold, although she was wearing a winter coat.

Writing II

The villages of Nepal that are untouched by modernity are the treasure of true natural beauty. They still hold their simplicity and rural appeal. There are several such hidden charms in the country. Larnidadd Village is one of them. Describe the villages using the following information.

Lamidada Village: Nepal's Hidden Gem of Natural Beauty and Charm

Lamidada Village, located in the Khotang district of Nepal, is a hidden gem that retains its untouched natural beauty and rural charm. With stunning landscapes, this village offers a picturesque view of agricultural lands, traditional houses, and breathtaking mountain vistas.

The village is predominantly inhabited by the Rai people, and their rich cultural heritage can be observed in the traditional houses and the way of life. The villagers are known for

their humility and warm hospitality, welcoming visitors with open arms.

As we walk along the stone-paved path uphill, we'll witness the villagers carrying woods from the dense forest, highlighting their sustainable way of life. The forest surrounding the village is lush and vibrant, contributing to the overall natural beauty and ecological diversity of the area.

The weather in Lamidada Village varies throughout the day. In the morning, you may experience a slight chill in the air, which adds a refreshing touch to the surroundings. However, as the day progresses, the temperature rises, and the village basks in warm sunshine. This comfortable climate allows for various outdoor activities and exploration of the village's natural wonders.

Lamidada Village serves as a gateway to the sacred temple of Halesi Mahadev, adding a spiritual significance to its already captivating ambiance. The combination of untouched natural beauty, rural simplicity, and cultural richness makes Lamidada Village a true treasure worth discovering in Nepal.

18. Media and Entertainment

Reading I

Hachi: A Dog's Tale

A. Find the words from the text for the meanings given below.

a. Unwavering - never changing or becoming weaker

b. Devotion - great love, care and support for somebody/something

c. Commuter - a person who travels some distance to work on a regular basis

d. Vendor- a person or Company that sells goods or services

e. Adaptation - the act of changing something make it suitable for a new situation

f. Reinforce - to strengthen with some added piece, support, or material

g. Passionate - having or showing strong feelings

h. Cinematic- connecting with film and how they are made

i. Secular - not having any connection with religion

B. State whether the following statements are true or false.

a. Laura Busch is one of the characters in the movie. (False)

b. The dog is the symbol of love. devotion and loyalty. (True)

c. The story Of the movie is based on a real incident. (True)

d. Portraying the traditional values of marriage is one of the weaknesses of the movie. (False)

e. Strong bonding between the dog and his master makes everyone emotional. (True)

f. This film is different from Other family films. (True)

C. Answer these questions.

a. What is the name of the dog in the movie?

Answer: The name of the dog in the movie is Hachi.

b. Who directed the movie?

Answer: The movie was directed by Lasse Hallstrom.

c. How was the relationship between the dog and his master?

Answer: The relationship between the dog and his master, Parker, was described as one of unwavering loyalty and devotion.

d. Why was the statue of the dog made?

Answer: The statue of the dog was made in honor of Hachi's faithfulness and loyalty.

e. Write any two weaknesses of the film.

Answer: Two weaknesses of the film are:

- Some viewers may find the depiction of affection between Parker and his wife bothersome.

- Some viewers may perceive the use of the number "8" around Hachi's neck as a misuse or misrepresentation.

f. What things in the movie touch the heart of the audience?

Answer: The bond of friendship and loyalty between the dog and his master, as well as the dog's unwavering devotion, touch the hearts of the audience.

D. If you had a chance to ask the screenwriter of the movie a question, what would you ask? Discuss.

Answer:

1. What drew you to the true story of Hachiko and inspired you to adapt it into a screenplay?

2. How did you approach capturing the essence of Hachi's unwavering loyalty and devotion on screen?

3. Can you tell us about the process of bringing the relationship between Parker and Hachi to life? What challenges did you face in portraying their bond?

4. The film highlights the values of marriage and traditional family. How did you aim to portray the strength and love in Parker and Cate's relationship?

5. What was the significance of using black and white shots to depict Hachi's perspective of the world? How did you decide on this creative choice?

Grammar

A. Put the words in the proper order to make questions.

a. plane/on/feel / did/how/ you/ the How did you feel on the plane?

b. are/ the kids / doing what What are the kids doing?

c. phone/me/didn't/ you / why Why didn't you phone me?

d. did/ what / beach on / he / the / find What did he find on the beach?

e. for/do/parents have / your/what/ breakfast What do your parents have for breakfast?

f. what/will/like/tha/weather/tomorrow/be What will the weather be like tomorrow?

g. a/nice / they/time/ have / did Did they have a nice time?

h. hotel /

your /

the /

beach

Was your hotel near the beach?

was /

near /

i. visited / ever / Italy / Rita / has Has Rita ever visited Italy?

j. you / fishing/gone/ever / have Have you ever gone fishing?

B. Write the questions you would ask in each of the situations below.

a. You want to suggest going to a movie.

Answer: Would you like to go to a movie?

b. You want to know where Simran lives.

Answer: Do you know where Simran lives?

c. You are inviting a friend to come to your home.

Answer: Would you like to come to my home?

d. You are asking for permission to take a seat on a bus.

Answer: May I take this seat on the bus?

e. You are looking for your pet dog. You are asking your. Have you seen my pet dog? or Do you know where my pet dog is?

f. You are asking Bharat about the number Of books he has got.

Answer: How many books do you have, Bharat?

g. You are asking your friend if her father cooks everyday or once week.

Answer: Does your father cook every day or once a week?

h. You are asking your teacher about the weather tomorrow.

Answer: What is the weather forecast for tomorrow, teacher?

C. Complete the conversation below with suitable questions.

Pristine: Where do you live?

Mr. Waiba: I live in Dhadingbensi.

Mr. Waiba: How old are you.

Pristine: I am sixteen.

Pristine: Did you go to school?.

Mr. Waiba: Yes, I went to school.

Waiba: What are your interests or hobbies?

Pristine: My interests? I don't have any really.

Mr. Waiba: What is the name of your school?

Pristine: It's Neelakantha Secondary School.

Pristine: Is there anything you dislike about your school?

Mr. Waiba: Nothing. I like everything about my school.

Interesting Social Media Stories

Reading II

A. Match the words with their meanings.

a. lip-syncing - iii. to silently mouth the words along with a song or some other recording.

b. platform - iv. a website that serves as a base from which a service is provided

c. pandemic - i. the worldwide spread of a now disease

d. overwhelm - ii. to have a strong emotional effect on somebody

e. somersaulting - vii. turning over completely in the air

f. accumulate - vi. to get more and more over a period of time

g. voicemail - viii. a phone message recorded by someone when you do not answer their call

h. sanctuary - v. a place where birds or animals can live and be protected

B. Complete the sentences below with the correct information from the text.

a. The text is about the positive results brought by social media.

b. Nathan Apodaca was gifted a truck of his favourite drink because he was drinking Ocean Spray cranberry juice.

c. Charlie's birthday became more special than expected because of a post on Facebook.

d. If there were no social media, people would have no idea about somersaulting of the two school children.

e. Matt Nason's Twitter page 'We Rate Dogs' raises fund for the help of dogs.

f. The social media platform Twitter was used for the rescue of the hawk.

C. Answer these questions.

a. What did Nathan Apodaca record in his video?

Answer: Nathan Apodaca recorded himself skating, drinking Ocean Spray cranberry juice, and lip-syncing to the song 'Dreams' by Fleetwood Mac.

b. Was a truck of Ocean Spray a much-deserved reward for Nathan Apodaca? Why?

Answer: Yes, a truck of Ocean Spray was considered a much-deserved reward for Nathan Apodaca because his video featuring Ocean Spray cranberry juice went viral, attracting over 40 million views. Ocean Spray saw the video and decided to deliver a truck full of Nathan's favorite drink to him as a gesture of appreciation.

c. How did social media help Charlie celebrate her birthday?

Answer: Social media helped Charlie celebrate her birthday by generating a significant response to a post made by her aunt on Facebook. The post requested that people make Charlie's birthday a day to remember. As a result, the post was shared on social media platforms, and Charlie received 173 cards and 15 parcels from total strangers, making her birthday extra special.

d. What was $700 spent on? How did Matt collect the money?

Answer: The $700 was spent on providing a wheelchair for a 12-year-old Golden Retriever who needed assistance. Matt Nason, the creator of the 'We Rate Dogs' Twitter page, shared the GoFundMe page of the dog in need, asking his followers for help. The campaign raised over $700 in just a few hours, allowing the dog to receive the wheelchair.

e. How was the hawk in New York rescued?

Answer: The hawk in New York was rescued with the help of social media. Madeleine Weatherhead, who found the injured hawk, posted a photograph of it on Twitter and asked her followers to help. Shortly after her post, Special Operations Officers Maxwell Outsen and Joseph Bellomo arrived on the scene, carefully captured the hawk, and took it to an animal sanctuary where it made a full recovery and had a safe place to stay.

D. Share an interesting social media story that you have read or heard.

Answer: In 2022, a heartwarming story unfolded on Facebook when a young woman named Emily posted a desperate plea for help. She had lost her job and was struggling to make ends meet, unable to provide birthday presents for her daughter, Lily.

The post quickly gained attention and touched the hearts of many Facebook users. People from all around the world began offering assistance and support.

Some sent monetary donations, while others sent gifts and birthday cards for Lily.

The story spread like wildfire on Facebook, with people sharing the post and encouraging others to lend a helping hand. Within days, Emily and Lily received an outpouring of love and generosity from strangers.

Not only did they receive enough funds to ensure Lily had a memorable birthday, but they also received offers for job opportunities and support to help Emily get back on her feet.

Grammar II

B. Complete the sentences below with the correct form of verbs in brackets.

a. I don't let my children play video games. (play)

b. The police made him pay for the damage he caused. (pay)

c. Rob is having his house painted next weekend. (paint)

d. Julia got her boy friend to buy her a ring. (buy)

e. Sam gets me to deliver the grocery every weekend. (deliver)

f. Please, try not make her cry (cry)

g. This quiz can make you understand causative verbs better. (understand)

h. Laura never has people tell her what to do. (tell)

i. My friend got me help her with her CV. (help)

j. I had a plumber fixed the plumbing this morning. (fix)

k. I had my hair trimmed once a month. (trim)

I. After the party, I was made to wash all the dishes. (wash)

C. Imagine you were in a holiday camp last year. What were you made or let to do there? Write a few sentences using 'have', 'get' and 'make', etc.

Answer: During my holiday camp last year, I was made to participate in team-building activities that helped strengthen our bond as campers. We were given the opportunity to have outdoor adventures like hiking and canoeing, which allowed us to appreciate nature's beauty. The camp counselors had us get involved in arts and crafts workshops, where we could express our creativity and make unique crafts to take home. Additionally, we get ourselves to be encouraged to make new friends by engaging in group games and social activities. Overall, the holiday camp provided us with a well-rounded experience by making us step out of our comfort zones, getting us closer to nature, and fostering connections with others.

Writing II

Many people believe that social networking sites such as Facebook and TikTok have negative impacts on both individuals and society while others believe that they have connected people globally. What do you think? Write an essay expressing your on the

impacts of social media.

Impacts of Social Media

Social media has become a big part of our lives, changing how we talk to each other, share things, and learn about the world. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok have made a big impact. But it's important to know that social media has both good and not-so-good effects. Social media helps us connect with people from all over the world, even if they are far away. We can make new friends, share experiences, and learn about different cultures. It's like having a virtual community where we can find support and feel like we belong.

Social media lets us know what's happening in the world in real-time. We can stay updated on news, events, and important topics. We can even be our own reporters by sharing information and stories with others. It's a chance for us to express our thoughts and make a difference.

Platforms like Instagram and TikTok allow us to show our skills and talents to a big audience. We can create our own videos, art, or music and share them with others. This can help us become famous and even make money. It's a way for us to be entrepreneurs and reach out to people who appreciate what we do.

Social media can sometimes make us feel bad about ourselves. People often show only the best parts of their lives, which can make us compare ourselves and feel like we're not good enough. It's important to take breaks from social media and remember that what we see is not always the whole truth.

Another concern is that not everything we see on social media is true. Sometimes people spread false information or make things up. We need to be careful

and check if something is real or fake before believing and sharing it. It's good to question and think critically.

To sum up, social media has changed the way we connect, learn, and express ourselves. It's an exciting and powerful tool, but we also need to be mindful of its effects. We should use social media to make friends, share knowledge, and be creative.

DOWNLOAD CLASS 10 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PDF

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Class 10 English Guide with all Exercise

1. Current Affairs And Issues

Reading I

Grammar I

Writing I

Reading II

Grammar II

2. Festivals and Celebrations

Reading I

Grammar I

Writing I

Reading II

Grammar II

Writing II

3. Health and Wellness

Reading I

Reading II

4. Work and Leisure

Reading I

A. Match the following meanings.

B. Dictionary meanings of words related to walking.

C. Answer these questions.

D. True/False/Not Given

Reading II – Leave This Chanting and Singing

A. Meanings

B. Modern equivalents of archaic words

C. Answer the questions.

D. Personal Opinion

5. Science and Experiment

The Voice of the Rain

6. Food and Cuisine

Reading I

Exercise

D. Answer the following questions.

Grammar I

Writing I

Reading II

7. Cyber Security

Reading I

A. Choose the words/phrases given below and write against the correct definitions.

B. Rewrite the following sentences in chronological order.

C. Read the story again and answer these questions.

D. Consequences of faking identities and cyberbullying:

Grammar I

B. Complete with should, ought to, must:

Writing I

Cyber Security: Basic Internet Safety Tips

Reading II

A. Match the words with their meanings:

B. True/False Statements:

D. Answer Questions:

Grammar II

A. Fill with a/an:

B. Fill with a, an, the, or X:

Writing II

Newspaper Article Example:

8. Hobbies & Interests

9. History & Culture

10. Games And Sports

11. Ethics and Morality

12. Nature and Development

13. Population & Migration

14. Travel and Adventure

15. People and Place

16. Success and Celebration

17. Countries and Towns

18. Media and Entertainment

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