Class 12 Biology Syllabus

Part A: Botany

1. Plant Anatomy

• Concept of tissues
• Types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent
• Anatomy of dicot & monocot root, stem, and leaf
• Secondary growth in dicot stem

2. Plant Physiology

2.1 Water Relation

• Diffusion, osmosis & plasmolysis
• Ascent of sap
• Transpiration and guttation

2.2 Photosynthesis

• Introduction and significance
• Photosynthetic pigments
• Photochemical phase & Calvin-Benson cycle
• C₃ and C₄ plants
• Photorespiration
• Factors affecting photosynthesis

2.3 Respiration

• Types and significance of respiration
• Glycolysis
• Kreb’s cycle
• Electron transport system
• Factors affecting respiration

2.4 Plant Hormones

• Auxins
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinins

2.5 Plant Growth & Movement

• Seed germination & dormancy
• Photoperiodism & vernalization
• Senescence
• Tropic & nastic movements

3. Genetics

3.1 Genetic Materials

• DNA & RNA: structure, composition & function
• DNA replication
• Genetic code (basic concept)

3.2 Mendelian Genetics

• Terminology
• Mendel’s laws of inheritance
• Incomplete dominance & codominance

3.3 Linkage & Crossing Over

• Types of linkage
• Sex-linked inheritance: colour blindness, eye colour in Drosophila
• Crossing over: concept & significance

3.4 Mutation & Polyploidy

• Gene & chromosomal mutation
• Importance of mutation
• Polyploidy: origin & significance

4. Embryology

• Asexual & sexual reproduction in angiosperms
• Pollination & fertilization
• Male & female gametophyte development
• Dicot & monocot embryo development
• Endosperm: concept

5. Biotechnology

• Tissue culture
• Plant breeding
• Disease-resistant plants
• Green manure & biofertilizers
• Biopesticides
• Genetic engineering & GMOs
• Bio-engineering
• Food safety & food security

Part B: Zoology

6. Animal Tissues

• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscular tissues
• Nervous tissues

7. Developmental Biology

7.1 Gametogenesis

• Spermatogenesis
• Oogenesis

7.2 Development of Frog

• Fertilization & its effects
• Cleavage
• Morulation
• Blastulation
• Gastrulation
• Organogenesis: notochord, nerve cord & coelom

8. Human Biology

8.1 Digestive System

• Alimentary canal & digestive glands
• Physiology of digestion

8.2 Respiratory System

• Respiratory organs
• Respiratory mechanism

8.3 Circulatory System

• Double circulation
• Heart & cardiac cycle
• Arterial & venous systems
• Blood grouping
• Blood pressure

8.4 Excretory System

• Modes of excretion
• Excretory organs
• Mechanism of urine formation

8.5 Nervous System

• Structure & function of brain
• Types of nervous system
• Conduction of nerve impulse

8.6 Sense Organs

• Eye: structure & function
• Ear: structure & function

8.7 Endocrinology

• Endocrine glands & hormones
• Hypo- & hyperactivity disorders

8.8 Reproductive System

• Male & female reproductive organs
• Ovarian & menstrual cycle

9. Human Population & Health Disorders

9.1 Human Population

• Population growth & problems
• Control strategies
• Demographic cycle

9.2 Health Disorders

• Cardiovascular, respiratory & renal disorders
• Substance abuse: drugs, alcohol & smoking

10. Applied Biology

10.1 Application of Zoology

• Tissue & organ transplantation
• In-vitro fertilization (IVF)
• Amniocentesis
• Transgenic animals
• Poultry & fish farming

10.2 Microbial Diseases & Microbiology

• Typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, HIV, influenza, hepatitis, candidiasis
• Basic immunology & vaccines
• Applications of microorganisms