Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

General and Physical Chemistry

1. Volumetric Analysis

• Introduction to gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis and equivalent weight
• Relationship between equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency
• Equivalent weight of compounds
• Concentration of solution and its units
• Primary and secondary standard substances
• Law of equivalence and normality equation
• Titration and its types

2. Ionic Equilibrium

• Introduction to Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis concepts)
• Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald’s dilution law)
• Ionic product of water (Kw)
• Dissociation constant (Ka & Kb), pKa and pKb
• pH value
• Solubility and solubility product principle
• Common Ion effect
• Buffer solution and its application
• Indicators and selection of indicators
• Types of salts and Hydrolysis of salts

3. Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of reactions
• Rate law, Rate constant, Order and molecularity
• Integrated rate equation for zero and first order reaction
• Half-life of reactions
• Collision theory, activation energy
• Factors affecting rate of reactions (Concentration, Temperature, Catalyst)
• Catalysis and its types

4. Thermodynamics

• Internal energy and First law of thermodynamics
• Enthalpy and enthalpy changes
• Laws of thermochemistry (Laplace Law and Hess’s law)
• Entropy and spontaneity
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Gibbs’ free energy and prediction of spontaneity
• Relationship between ΔG and equilibrium constant

5. Electrochemistry

• Electrode potential and standard electrode potential
• Types of electrodes
• Electrochemical series and its applications
• Voltaic cell
• Cell potential and its relationship with free energy
• Commercial batteries and fuel cells

Inorganic Chemistry

6. Transition Metals

• Characteristics, Oxidation states
• Complex ions and metal complexes
• Shapes of complex ions and d-orbitals in complex ions
• Colour of transition metal compounds
• Catalytic properties

7. Studies of Heavy Metals

• Copper (Extraction, properties, uses, compounds)
• Zinc (Extraction, properties, uses, compounds)
• Mercury (Extraction, properties, uses, compounds)
• Iron (Extraction, properties, uses, steel manufacturing, corrosion)
• Silver (Extraction, properties, uses, compounds)

Organic Chemistry

8. Haloalkanes

• Introduction
• Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohaloalkanes
• Preparation from alkanes, alkenes and alcohols
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties, SN1 and SN2 reactions (basic concept)
• Formation of alcohol, nitrile, amine, ether, thioether, carbylamines, nitrite and nitroalkane
• Elimination reaction (Saytzeff’s rule), Reduction reactions, Wurtz reaction
• Preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone
• Chemical properties of trichloromethane

9. Haloarenes

• Introduction
• Nomenclature and isomerism
• Preparation of chlorobenzene
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties
• Uses

10. Alcohols

• Introduction
• Nomenclature, isomerism and classification
• Victor Meyer’s test for primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols
• Preparation of monohydric alcohols
• Industrial preparation
• Common terms: Absolute alcohol, power alcohol, etc.
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties

11. Phenols

• Introduction and nomenclature
• Preparation
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties (Acidic nature, reactions)
• Tests of phenol
• Uses

12. Ethers

• Introduction
• Nomenclature, classification and isomerism
• Preparation (Williamson’s synthesis)
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties of ethoxyethane
• Uses

13. Aldehydes and Ketones

• Aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
• Aromatic aldehydes and ketones

14. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

• Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids
• Derivatives (acid halides, amides, esters, anhydrides)

15. Nitro Compounds

• Nitroalkanes
• Nitrobenzene

16. Amines

• Aliphatic amines
• Aromatic amines (Aniline)

17. Organometallic Compounds

• Introduction
• Nature of Metal–Carbon bond
• Grignard reagent

Applied Chemistry

18. Chemistry in the Service of Mankind

• Polymers
• Dyes
• Drugs
• Pesticides

19. Cement

• Introduction and raw materials
• Steps in cement production
• Types of cement
• Portland cement process
• Cement Industry in Nepal

20. Paper and Pulp

• Introduction and raw materials
• Stages in production of paper
• Quality of paper

21. Nuclear Chemistry and Applications of Radioactivity

• Radioactivity
• Nuclear reactions (fission and fusion)
• Uses and harmful effects